A disease of the esophagus that mainly affects young adults. Abnormal function of nerves and muscles of the esophagus causes difficulty swal- lowing and sometimes chest pain. Regurgitation of undigested food can occur, as can coughing or breathing problems related to entry of food material into the lungs. The underlying problems are weak- ness of the lower portion of the esophagus and fail- ure of the lower esophageal sphincter to open and allow passage of food. Diagnosis is made by an X- ray, endoscopy, or esophageal manometry. Treatment includes medication, dilation (stretch- ing) to widen the lower part of the esophagus, and surgery to open the lower esophagus. A fairly recent approach involves injecting medicines into the lower esophagus to relax the sphincter.