often of high-grade sarcomas
often associated with muscularis propria invasion
due to vesical polyps occluding ureteric orifices
should be resected but not diathermized
B. often associated with muscularis propria invasion
radical cysto-prostatectomy
anterior pelvic exenteration
bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy
creation of a urinary diversion
adenocarcinoma
transitional cell carcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma
basal cell carcinoma
multifocality
high tumor grade and advanced stage
presence of CIS
all of the above
only in females
associated with chronic irritation, polypoid cystitis, and cystitis glandularis
no risk for squamous cell carcinoma
treated with estrogen, if symptomatic
ascending urethrography
voiding cystourethrography
MRI
IVU
urine cytology
CT urography
cystoscopy
renal function tests
the standard treatment is transurethral resection
the prognosis for inverted papilloma is pathetic, with a recurrence rate of approximately 65%
the likelihood of synchronous urothelial carcinoma is 26%
has been shown to harbor p53 gene mutations
the anterior urethra drains into the inguinal and pelvic nodes
the posterior urethra drains into the pelvic nodes
the proximal two-thirds drain into the external and internal iliac nodes
the distal one-third drains into the obturator nodes
obesity
consuming artificial sweeteners
asbestosis
analgesic abuse
never
unlikely
likely
always
adenocarcinoma
transitional cell carcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma
basal cell carcinoma
10%
20%
30%
40%
often of high-grade sarcomas
often associated with muscularis propria invasion
due to vesical polyps occluding ureteric orifices
should be resected but not diathermized
adenocarcinoma
transitional cell carcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma
basal cell carcinoma
working with organic chemicals and dyes
abuse of pain-control medications especially phenacetin
exposure to arsenic and aromatic amines
schistosomiasis
sensitivity to chemotherapy and age at presentation
anatomic location and extent of the tumor
histologic type of the tumor and sensitivity to radiotherapy
tumors stage and grade
40 - 55%
55 - 70%
70 - 85%
85 - 100%
frequently found in association with high-grade or extensive TCC
has a rate of progression to muscle invasion of 10-25%
significant areas of CIS are easily missed by routine cystoscopy
treatment begins with TURBT
the lesion is solitary and no associated CIS
physically, a surgical margin of 2-cm can be obtained
the resected area should be far enough from ureteral orifices and the bladder neck
all of the following
adenocarcinoma
transitional cell carcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma
comparable
obstructive uropathy
painless hematuria
pain radiating to the groin
locally advanced tumor
history of pulmonary TB
total incontinence
immunosuppression
impaired renal function
0.6 - 2%
2 - 6%
6 - 10%
12 - 16%
transitional cell carcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma
adenocarcinoma
small cell carcinoma
high specificity
high sensitivity
high reliability
strong validity
adenocarcinoma
transitional cell carcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma
basal cell carcinoma
undergo cystectomy
try mitomycin c
take a second course of BCG
take a second course of BCG + quinolones
obstructive LUTS are common presentations and occur in association with carcinoma in situ
might present as perineal abscesses and fistulae
could be asymptomatic
venereal diseases increase the risk of urethral cancers
2 - 4%
4 - 6%
6 - 8%
8 - 10%
immediately before operation
immediately before incision and post-operative for 1 day
immediately before incision and post-operative for 15 days
immediately before incision and post-operative for 30 days