A. is the first and most reliable radiologic examination to study IVC thrombi

B. is reserved for patients with equivocal MRI or CT findings

C. is obsolete and has fallen out of use

D. carries a risk of IVC terrible bleeding that outweighs the diagnostic merits

A. never

B. unlikely

C. likely

D. always

A. nuclear size, outline, and nucleoli

B. cohesiveness and the degree of cellular atypia

C. chromatin structure and content of the interphase nucleus

D. multinucleation and mitosis

A. autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease

B. autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease

C. multicystic dysplastic kidney disease

D. juvenile nephronophthisis

A. at autopsy

B. by staining positive for human melanoma black (HMB)-45

C. by fine-needle aspiration cytology

D. by exclusion

A. acquired cystic renal disease

B. juvenile nephronophthisis

C. medullary sponge kidney

D. bilateral multicystic dysplastic kidney

A. type II DM, especially in males

B. hypertension

C. obesity, especially in females

D. cigarette smoking

A. fibrosarcoma

B. leiomyosarcoma

C. carcinoid

D. adult Wilm`s tumor

A. . Metastatic tumors to the kidney are common from all of the following organs, EXCEPT:

B. lungs

C. thyroid

D. breasts

A. ARPKD accounts for 5% of ESRD in children

B. more than one-half of patients with ARPKD require kidney transplant before age 20 years

C. ADPKD is a common cause of ESRD

D. uncommonly, juvenile nephronophthisis causes ESRD in children

A. repeat ablation

B. active surveillance

C. salvage surgery

D. radical nephrectomy

A. the central scar on CT or MRI, and the spoke-wheel pattern of vessels on angiograms are not specific to oncocytoma

B. calcification, necrosis, and hemorrhage are rare in oncocytomas

C. it is thought to arise from the basement membrane of proximal convoluted tubules

D. treatment is partial nephrectomy or tumor excision

A. autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD)

B. developmental cystic renal disease

C. inherited cystic renal disease

D. systemic disease with associated renal cysts

A. papillary subtype of RCC has a tendency to multifocality

B. chromosome 13 alterations are common in the development of clear cell renal carcinoma

C. a solid mass on CT that enhances more than 15 HU is suggestive of RCC

D. bilateral involvement in RCC either synchronously or metachronously occurs in 2% to 4% of patients

A. I

B. II

C. III

D. IV

A. physically active patients with good performance status

B. extirpation of the primary tumor

C. long disease-free interval between initial nephrectomy and the emergence of secondaries

D. all of the above

A. . What is false concerning imaging studies for preoperative evaluation of RCC case?

B. in case of bone pain or elevated serum calcium and/or alkaline phosphatase levels, an isotopic bone scan is required

C. renal arteriography accurately localizes central scaring and tumor necrosis

D. trans-esophageal echocardiography helps assess vena caval and right atrial tumor thrombi

A. RCC occurs in < 5% of patients with tuberous sclerosis

B. in glomerulocystic kidney disease, renal tumors are typically solitary, large, with central necrosis

C. in Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome, renal tumors are frequently bilateral and multicentric

D. in acquired cystic disease, tumors are commonly bilateral, and metastatic in 15% of cases

A. cyst aspiration and sclerosis

B. partial nephrectomy

C. endoscopic marsupialization and fulguration of the cyst

D. administration of TKIs

A. . In RCC, ipsilateral adrenal metastasis occurs in:

B. 0.3 - 2%

C. 2 - 10%

D. 11 - 18%

A. most classic AMLs eventually undergo malignant transformation to sarcomatoid and epithelioid AML

B. the preferred treatment is nephroureterectomy followed by active surveillance

C. angiographic embolization and/or nephron-sparing surgery is advised for symptomatic AMLs greater than 4 cm

D. extra-renal sites include the pancreas, salivary glands, and thyroids

A. 20%

B. 30%

C. 40%

D. 50%

A. . The second most common RCC subtype is:

B. collecting duct b. clear cell

C. papillary

D. chromophobe

A. . What is NOT an indication for simple nephrectomy?

B. symptomatic chronic renal infection with poor function

C. some cases of renovascular hypertension

D. symptomatic calculus disease with poor renal function

A. they follow a benign clinical course

B. they have a bimodal age distribution

C. they are more common in men than in women

D. none of the above

A. . What is false concerning targeted molecular therapy?

B. is a personalized medical therapy devised to meet each persons individual needs for cancer`s specifications

C. treats cancer by interrupting unique molecular abnormalities that drive cancer growth

D. some cancer types have different molecular targets

A. . What is false regarding radical nephrectomy operation?

B. nodal involvement doesn`t influence prognosis

C. renal artery should be ligated before the vein to avoid kidney ballooning

D. cardiopulmonary bypass with deep hypothermic circulatory arrest is performed in patients with supra-diaphragmatic tumor thrombi

A. hyperattenuating renal cyst

B. solitary renal cyst

C. uncomplicated renal cyst

D. focal renal cyst

A. hepatic cysts are the most common extra-renal manifestation

B. might experience cyst hemorrhage, renal infection, or nephrolithiasis

C. typically, complain of flank pain or intermittent hematuria in the early twenties

D. hypertension and CRF commonly occur in the fifth decade of life

A. glomerulocystic kidney disease

B. developmental cystic renal disease

C. Juvenile nephronophthisis

D. medullary cystic kidney disease

A. . Manifestations of paraneoplastic syndrome associated with RCC include all of the following, EXCEPT:

B. anemia and erythrocytosis

C. hepatic dysfunction and elevated human chorionic gonadotropin levels

D. hypocalcemia