papillary RCC
renal metastases
renal oncocytoma
renal xanthogranuloma
B. renal metastases
the quality of the kidney and renal function prior to surgery
the quantity of vascularized parenchymal mass preserved after excision
the tumor
warm ischemia time
papillary RCC
renal metastases
renal oncocytoma
renal xanthogranuloma
type II DM, especially in males
hypertension
obesity, especially in females
cigarette smoking
cyst aspiration and sclerosis
partial nephrectomy
endoscopic marsupialization and fulguration of the cyst
administration of TKIs
papillary subtype of RCC has a tendency to multifocality
chromosome 13 alterations are common in the development of clear cell renal carcinoma
a solid mass on CT that enhances more than 15 HU is suggestive of RCC
bilateral involvement in RCC either synchronously or metachronously occurs in 2% to 4% of patients
20%
30%
40%
50%
most lesions ≤ 4 cm are asymptomatic
renal masses with fat content is pathognomonic for AML
renal biopsy from AML carries a high risk of hemorrhage
may coexist with malignant lesions, such as sarcomas and RCCs
margin status and grade
tumor size
tumor stage
the time interval between the tumor emergence and excision
glomerulocystic kidney disease
developmental cystic renal disease
Juvenile nephronophthisis
medullary cystic kidney disease
fibrosarcoma
leiomyosarcoma
carcinoid
adult Wilm`s tumor
. Metastatic tumors to the kidney are common from all of the following organs, EXCEPT:
lungs
thyroid
breasts
80%
85%
90%
95%
. Manifestations of paraneoplastic syndrome associated with RCC include all of the following, EXCEPT:
anemia and erythrocytosis
hepatic dysfunction and elevated human chorionic gonadotropin levels
hypocalcemia
nuclear size, outline, and nucleoli
cohesiveness and the degree of cellular atypia
chromatin structure and content of the interphase nucleus
multinucleation and mitosis
. What is the relapse rate for completely resected RCC after radical nephrectomy?
1- 10%
10 - 20%
20 - 30%
. What is false concerning imaging studies for preoperative evaluation of RCC case?
in case of bone pain or elevated serum calcium and/or alkaline phosphatase levels, an isotopic bone scan is required
renal arteriography accurately localizes central scaring and tumor necrosis
trans-esophageal echocardiography helps assess vena caval and right atrial tumor thrombi
70 - 85%
55 - 70%
40 - 55%
25 - 40%
the central scar on CT or MRI, and the spoke-wheel pattern of vessels on angiograms are not specific to oncocytoma
calcification, necrosis, and hemorrhage are rare in oncocytomas
it is thought to arise from the basement membrane of proximal convoluted tubules
treatment is partial nephrectomy or tumor excision
most classic AMLs eventually undergo malignant transformation to sarcomatoid and epithelioid AML
the preferred treatment is nephroureterectomy followed by active surveillance
angiographic embolization and/or nephron-sparing surgery is advised for symptomatic AMLs greater than 4 cm
extra-renal sites include the pancreas, salivary glands, and thyroids
. The second most common RCC subtype is:
collecting duct b. clear cell
papillary
chromophobe
. What is the most common histologic subtype of renal sarcomas?
rhabdomyosarcoma
nephrosarcoma
leiomyosarcoma
chest X-ray and abdominal ultrasonography every 3 months for the first year, and then annually for 3 years
annual chest X-ray for 3 years
abdominal and chest CT every 6 months for the first year, and then annually for 3 years
no radiological examination required
is > 90% in Bosniak type IV renal cysts
in patients receiving renal transplants for polycystic kidney disease is 48% higher than that expected in the general population
all of the above
simple renal cysts might turn malignant in < 4% of cases
RCC
AML
teratoma
any of the above
never
unlikely
likely
always
hyperattenuating renal cyst
solitary renal cyst
uncomplicated renal cyst
focal renal cyst
. In RCC, ipsilateral adrenal metastasis occurs in:
0.3 - 2%
2 - 10%
11 - 18%
never
unlikely
likely
always
autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease
autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease
multicystic dysplastic kidney disease
juvenile nephronophthisis
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2
3
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