there will be no target tumor tissue to work on
post-op. hematuria interacts unfavorably with BCG composition
of the risk of systemic absorption and sepsis
of the high risk of BCG reflux to kidneys while bladder irrigation
C. of the risk of systemic absorption and sepsis
adenocarcinoma
transitional cell carcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma
basal cell carcinoma
nodular or sessile lesions usually invade muscle
papillary bladder tumors are typical of low stage and grade
carcinoma in situ appears as a flat, velvety patch
sarcomas commonly invade bladder base and ureteral orifices causing obstructions
adenocarcinoma
transitional cell carcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma
basal cell carcinoma
continue the procedure as perforations at this site do no harm
abort the procedure and leave a urethral catheter
convert tumor removal to open method and repair the defect
perform abdominal exploration and manage accordingly
leiomyoma
hemangioma
fibroepithelial polyp
lymphangioma
adenocarcinoma
transitional cell carcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma
basal cell carcinoma
tumor stage
tumor grade
lymphovascular invasion
lymph node spread
2%
5%
70%
90%
obesity
consuming artificial sweeteners
asbestosis
analgesic abuse
infiltrative proximal penile urethral carcinomas
infiltrative distal penile urethral carcinomas
recurrent proximal penile urethral carcinoma after laser resection
T3/N2/M0 at bulbar urethra
working with organic chemicals and dyes
abuse of pain-control medications especially phenacetin
exposure to arsenic and aromatic amines
schistosomiasis
frequently found in association with high-grade or extensive TCC
has a rate of progression to muscle invasion of 10-25%
significant areas of CIS are easily missed by routine cystoscopy
treatment begins with TURBT
never
unlikely
likely
always
increase the irrigation fluid and pursue the procedure
abort the procedure and leave a urethral catheter
perform cystogram and manage accordingly
perform abdominal exploration and manage accordingly
high specificity
high sensitivity
high reliability
strong validity
adenocarcinoma
transitional cell carcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma
comparable
RB
cyclin A
HRAS
CD-44
en bloc resection involving total penectomy, cystoprostatectomy, resection of the pubic rami and urogenital diaphragm, with pelvic lymphadenectomy. In addition, creating a urinary diversion.
total penectomy involving removal of the penis, urethra, and penile root
partial penectomy involving excision of the malignant lesion with 2-cm margins
transurethral resection or fulguration
history of pulmonary TB
total incontinence
immunosuppression
impaired renal function
10%
20%
30%
40%
the lesion is solitary and no associated CIS
physically, a surgical margin of 2-cm can be obtained
the resected area should be far enough from ureteral orifices and the bladder neck
all of the following
mid prostate to the verumontanum at the 5 and 7 oclock positions
lateral margins of the prostate at the 10 and 2 oclock positions
entire area distal to the urethral crest
area between ejaculatory duct openings and prostatic utricle
sensitivity to chemotherapy and age at presentation
anatomic location and extent of the tumor
histologic type of the tumor and sensitivity to radiotherapy
tumors stage and grade
leiomyosarcoma
rhabdosarcoma
carcinosarcoma
neurosarcoma
upper ureter
middle ureter
lower ureter
comparable
obstructive LUTS are common presentations and occur in association with carcinoma in situ
might present as perineal abscesses and fistulae
could be asymptomatic
venereal diseases increase the risk of urethral cancers
only in females
associated with chronic irritation, polypoid cystitis, and cystitis glandularis
no risk for squamous cell carcinoma
treated with estrogen, if symptomatic
well-differentiated tumor with broad-based invasive font
marked atypia distributed on wide areas of superficial urothelium
atypia is present
no atypia but marked degenerative epithelial changes
30%
40%
50%
60%
undergo cystectomy
try mitomycin c
take a second course of BCG
take a second course of BCG + quinolones