stone size
unrelieved obstruction
infection and septicemia
recurrent stone formation
D. recurrent stone formation
oral potassium sodium hydrogen citrate granules
increase hydration
allopurinol
all of the above
Ca.oxalate, Ca.phosphate, Na.urate, cystine
Ca.phosphate, Ca.oxalate, cystine, Na.urate
Ca.oxalate, Ca.phosphate, cystine, Na.urate
Ca.phosphate, Ca.oxalate, Na.urate, cystine
400 600 HU
600 800 HU
800 1000 HU
1000 1200 HU
transitional epithelium lining minor calyces
transitional epithelium lining major calyces
basement membrane of the loops of Henle
papillary tips of polar pyramids
localization of stones in the ureter is difficult or impossible
inability to visualize stones breaking down in real time
c. patient`s position on ESWL table is uncomfortable
d. inability to visualize radiolucent stones
they are multiple and small in size
usually, they are voided spontaneously
they, rarely, form large stones within the peripheral zone
contrast CT is the conventional method for diagnosis
by ensuring optimal coupling of the patient to the lithotripter
by running the treatment at a slower rate (60 shocks/min)
by running the treatment with general anesthesia
by all of the above
hypercalciuria and hypocitraturia
hypercalciuria and hypercitraturia
hypocalciuria and hypocitraturia
hypocalciuria and hypercitraturia
high citrate, high oxalate
low citrate, low oxalate
high citrate, low oxalate
low citrate, high oxalate
placement of a percutaneous nephrostomy drain
surgical exploration and primary repair
conservative management
endoscopic retrograde ureteral stenting
formation of triple-phosphate stones
infection with Proteus species
increase production of endogenous uric acid
increase level of uric acid in THE blood
orthophosphates may have a role in the treatment
hyperparathyroidectomy and levothyroxine replacement is the optimum treatment
management includes Calcium chelating agent and repeat 24hr urine collection in 3 months
surgical excision of the adenoma(s) is the treatment of choice
commonly occur in patients with senile prostatic enlargement
common in children exposed to low-protein, low-phosphate diet
rarely recur after treatment
respond to ESWL
1000 - 1300 HU density
5 - 10 mm diameter
lower calyx location
mid ureteral location
to stent the ureter after ureteral surgery
to facilitate stone passage
after a tough ureteroscopy procedure
all of the above
≥ 2 cm diameter
upper calyx location
Na.urate composition
600 - 800 HU density
composed of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate
the vast majority are asymptomatic
most of the calculi are found in the transitional zone
they dont affect PSA levels
steinstrasse
a stone in ureterocele
fever, leucocytosis, pain
brushite stones
is symptomless
should undergo a trial of milking out
diverticulectomy and stone extraction is the treatment of choice
ESWL is the preferred treatment option
can be forgotten in place
vesico-renal reflux
calyceal perforation
detrusor irritability and/or hematuria
urate
triple phosphate
oxalate monohydrate
matrix
it causes reduction in the mean intra-ureteral pressure
it reduces the pain of acute renal colic
it has a direct relaxing effect on the renal pelvis and ureteral musculature
it is indicated when stones are ≤ 4 mm in diameter
renal insufficiency
active urinary tract infection
uncorrected bleeding disorder
third trimester pregnancy
short skin-to-stone distance (SSD)
end-stage renal failure
a stone in the upper calyx
the presence of a 30 cm, 4.7 Fr ureteral stent in situ
a stone is fragmented when the force of the shockwaves overcomes the tensile strength of the stone
fragmentation occurs as a result of compressive and tensile forces, erosion, shearing, spalling, and cavitation
the generation of compressive and tensile forces and cavitation are thought to be the most important
all of the above
watchful waiting
open surgical correction
IVU with possible endoscopic ureteral stenting
perc. nephrostomy tube insertion
Ca.oxalate monohydrate
cystine
matrix
Ca.oxalate dihydrate
matrix
indinavir
brushite
2,8 dihydroxyadenine
short and wide infundibulum
large lower-pole infundibulo-pelvic angle
the adjunct usage of PCNL
all of the above
classical nucleation theory
heterogeneous nucleation
suspension solution
concentric lamination