high specificity
high sensitivity
high reliability
strong validity
A. high specificity
there will be no target tumor tissue to work on
post-op. hematuria interacts unfavorably with BCG composition
of the risk of systemic absorption and sepsis
of the high risk of BCG reflux to kidneys while bladder irrigation
40 - 55%
55 - 70%
70 - 85%
85 - 100%
the lesion is solitary and no associated CIS
physically, a surgical margin of 2-cm can be obtained
the resected area should be far enough from ureteral orifices and the bladder neck
all of the following
only in females
associated with chronic irritation, polypoid cystitis, and cystitis glandularis
no risk for squamous cell carcinoma
treated with estrogen, if symptomatic
obstructive LUTS are common presentations and occur in association with carcinoma in situ
might present as perineal abscesses and fistulae
could be asymptomatic
venereal diseases increase the risk of urethral cancers
leiomyosarcoma
rhabdosarcoma
carcinosarcoma
neurosarcoma
urine cytology
CT urography
cystoscopy
renal function tests
ascending urethrography
voiding cystourethrography
MRI
IVU
well-differentiated tumor with broad-based invasive font
marked atypia distributed on wide areas of superficial urothelium
atypia is present
no atypia but marked degenerative epithelial changes
working with organic chemicals and dyes
abuse of pain-control medications especially phenacetin
exposure to arsenic and aromatic amines
schistosomiasis
0.6 - 2%
2 - 6%
6 - 10%
12 - 16%
history of pulmonary TB
total incontinence
immunosuppression
impaired renal function
irritative bladder symptoms
obstructive bladder symptoms
palpable suprapubic mass on physical examination
painless profuse hematuria
infiltrative proximal penile urethral carcinomas
infiltrative distal penile urethral carcinomas
recurrent proximal penile urethral carcinoma after laser resection
T3/N2/M0 at bulbar urethra
sensitivity to chemotherapy and age at presentation
anatomic location and extent of the tumor
histologic type of the tumor and sensitivity to radiotherapy
tumors stage and grade
2%
5%
70%
90%
adenocarcinoma
transitional cell carcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma
basal cell carcinoma
adenocarcinoma
transitional cell carcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma
basal cell carcinoma
single intravesical chemotherapy
TURBT
intravesical BCG vaccine
multiple bladder biopsies
transitional cell carcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma
adenocarcinoma
small cell carcinoma
nodular or sessile lesions usually invade muscle
papillary bladder tumors are typical of low stage and grade
carcinoma in situ appears as a flat, velvety patch
sarcomas commonly invade bladder base and ureteral orifices causing obstructions
RB
cyclin A
HRAS
CD-44
rarely diagnosed at autopsy
the peak incidence occurs between ages 70 and 80
they occur twice as frequently in men as in women
none of the above
frequently found in association with high-grade or extensive TCC
has a rate of progression to muscle invasion of 10-25%
significant areas of CIS are easily missed by routine cystoscopy
treatment begins with TURBT
continue the procedure as perforations at this site do no harm
abort the procedure and leave a urethral catheter
convert tumor removal to open method and repair the defect
perform abdominal exploration and manage accordingly
increase the irrigation fluid and pursue the procedure
abort the procedure and leave a urethral catheter
perform cystogram and manage accordingly
perform abdominal exploration and manage accordingly
upper ureter
middle ureter
lower ureter
comparable
leiomyoma
hemangioma
fibroepithelial polyp
lymphangioma
high specificity
high sensitivity
high reliability
strong validity
bladder perforation
obturator nerve reflex
vesico-ureteral reflux
terrible bleeding