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4

Regarding bladder neoplasia, squamous metaplasia differs from squamous dysplasia as the latter is/has:

A. well-differentiated tumor with broad-based invasive font

B. marked atypia distributed on wide areas of superficial urothelium

C. atypia is present

D. no atypia but marked degenerative epithelial changes

Correct Answer :

C. atypia is present


a. describes verrucous carcinoma, while b. describes carcinoma in situ. D. describes radiation atypia.

Related Questions

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4

Which of the following statements concerning lymphatic drainage of the male urethra is true?

A. the anterior urethra drains into the inguinal and pelvic nodes

B. the posterior urethra drains into the pelvic nodes

C. the proximal two-thirds drain into the external and internal iliac nodes

D. the distal one-third drains into the obturator nodes

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4

What is false regarding the symptomatology of urethral cancers?

A. obstructive LUTS are common presentations and occur in association with carcinoma in situ

B. might present as perineal abscesses and fistulae

C. could be asymptomatic

D. venereal diseases increase the risk of urethral cancers

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4

Bladder tumors with hydronephrosis are:

A. often of high-grade sarcomas

B. often associated with muscularis propria invasion

C. due to vesical polyps occluding ureteric orifices

D. should be resected but not diathermized

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4

On diagnosing bladder cancers, what advantage does urine cytology has over tumor markers?

A. high specificity

B. high sensitivity

C. high reliability

D. strong validity

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4

In what percentages of patients do bilateral upper tract tumors occur either synchronously or metachronously?

A. 0.6 - 2%

B. 2 - 6%

C. 6 - 10%

D. 12 - 16%

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4

What is the commonest type of tumors occurring in the penile urethra?

A. adenocarcinoma

B. transitional cell carcinoma

C. squamous cell carcinoma

D. basal cell carcinoma

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4

What is the imaging modality of choice in the evaluation of a suspected urethral cancer?

A. ascending urethrography

B. voiding cystourethrography

C. MRI

D. IVU

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4

What is the commonest type of tumors occurring in the female urethra?

A. adenocarcinoma

B. transitional cell carcinoma

C. squamous cell carcinoma

D. comparable

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4

What is the commonest manifestation of upper tract urothelial carcinomas?

A. obstructive uropathy

B. painless hematuria

C. pain radiating to the groin

D. locally advanced tumor

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4

While deeply resecting a large bladder tumor, the surgeon noted loss of bladder distension, what should next step be?

A. increase the irrigation fluid and pursue the procedure

B. abort the procedure and leave a urethral catheter

C. perform cystogram and manage accordingly

D. perform abdominal exploration and manage accordingly

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4

Bladder cancer patients who once failed BCG vaccine, should:

A. undergo cystectomy

B. try mitomycin c

C. take a second course of BCG

D. take a second course of BCG + quinolones

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4

The treatment of T2/Nx/M0 prostatic urethral cancer is:

A. en bloc resection involving total penectomy, cystoprostatectomy, resection of the pubic rami and urogenital diaphragm, with pelvic lymphadenectomy. In addition, creating a urinary diversion.

B. total penectomy involving removal of the penis, urethra, and penile root

C. partial penectomy involving excision of the malignant lesion with 2-cm margins

D. transurethral resection or fulguration

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4

Concerning upper tract urothelial tumors, what is the single most important predictor of outcome?

A. tumor stage

B. tumor grade

C. lymphovascular invasion

D. lymph node spread

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4

What type of bladder cancers might be caused by Schistosoma haematobium infection?

A. transitional cell carcinoma

B. squamous cell carcinoma

C. adenocarcinoma

D. small cell carcinoma

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4

What is the commonest type of tumor occurring in urethral diverticuli?

A. adenocarcinoma

B. transitional cell carcinoma

C. squamous cell carcinoma

D. basal cell carcinoma

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4

What is the commonest type of primary urethral tumors?

A. adenocarcinoma

B. transitional cell carcinoma

C. squamous cell carcinoma

D. basal cell carcinoma

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4

While resecting a large bladder tumor located at the right lateral wall, the surgeon observes a bladder perforation, what should next step be?

A. continue the procedure as perforations at this site do no harm

B. abort the procedure and leave a urethral catheter

C. convert tumor removal to open method and repair the defect

D. perform abdominal exploration and manage accordingly

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4

What is the likelihood that inverted papillomas of the upper urinary tract accompany tumors?

A. never

B. unlikely

C. likely

D. always

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4

What percentage of bladder cancers is squamous cell type in origin?

A. 2%

B. 5%

C. 70%

D. 90%

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4

Intravesical installation of BCG should NOT be given soon after bladder tumor resection (TURBT) because:

A. there will be no target tumor tissue to work on

B. post-op. hematuria interacts unfavorably with BCG composition

C. of the risk of systemic absorption and sepsis

D. of the high risk of BCG reflux to kidneys while bladder irrigation

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4

Common benign urethral tumors include all of the following,
EXCEPT:

A. leiomyoma

B. hemangioma

C. fibroepithelial polyp

D. lymphangioma

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4

In women, what is the commonest type of cancers occurring in the proximal urethra?

A. adenocarcinoma

B. transitional cell carcinoma

C. squamous cell carcinoma

D. basal cell carcinoma

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4

What is false concerning carcinoma-in-situ (CIS) of urinary tract?

A. frequently found in association with high-grade or extensive TCC

B. has a rate of progression to muscle invasion of 10-25%

C. significant areas of CIS are easily missed by routine cystoscopy

D. treatment begins with TURBT

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4

For radical cystectomy, thromboembolism prophylaxis is required:

A. immediately before operation

B. immediately before incision and post-operative for 1 day

C. immediately before incision and post-operative for 15 days

D. immediately before incision and post-operative for 30 days

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4

Immediately following transurethral resection of bladder tumors, intravesical installation of which material(s) is(are) contraindicated?

A. epirubicin

B. mitomycin c

C. BCG

D. none of the above

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4

What is (are) the classic presentation(s) of bladder cancers?

A. irritative bladder symptoms

B. obstructive bladder symptoms

C. palpable suprapubic mass on physical examination

D. painless profuse hematuria

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4

Risk factors for recurrence and progression of bladder cancers include the following:

A. multifocality

B. high tumor grade and advanced stage

C. presence of CIS

D. all of the above

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4

What gene mutation is common in carcinoma-in-situ of urinary bladder?

A. RB

B. cyclin A

C. HRAS

D. CD-44

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4

What is false regarding squamous metaplasia of the urinary bladder (non-keratinized) subtype?

A. only in females

B. associated with chronic irritation, polypoid cystitis, and cystitis glandularis

C. no risk for squamous cell carcinoma

D. treated with estrogen, if symptomatic

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4

Evaluation of painless hematuria includes all of the following,
EXCEPT:

A. urine cytology

B. CT urography

C. cystoscopy

D. renal function tests