Controls the grade of pig iron
Acts as an iron bearing mineral
Supplies heat to reduce ore and melt the iron
Forms a slag by combining with impurities
C. Supplies heat to reduce ore and melt the iron
Ferrite and cementite
Cementite and gamma iron
Ferrite and austenite
Ferrite and iron graphite
Hardening surface of work-piece to obtain hard and wear resistant surface
Heating and cooling rapidly
Increasing hardness throughout
Inducing hardness by continuous process
Air is burning out silicon and manganese
Silicon and manganese has burnt and carbon has started oxidising
The converter must be titled to remove the contents of the converter
The brown smoke does not occur during the operation of a Bessemer converter
Refine the grain structure
Remove strains caused by cold working
Remove dislocations caused in the internal structure due to hot working
All of the above
Aluminium, copper etc.
Nickel, molybdenum etc.
Nickel, Copper, etc.
All of the above
0.1 to 0.2 %
0.25 to 0.5 %
0.6 to 0.7 %
0.7 to 0.9 %
Contains 1.7 to 3.5% carbon in Free State and is obtained by the slow cooling of molten cast iron
Is also known as chilled cast iron and is obtained by cooling rapidly. It is almost unmachinable
Is produced by annealing process. It is soft, tough and easily machined metal
Is produced by small additions of magnesium (or creium) in the ladle. Graphite is in nodular or spheroidal form and is well dispersed throughout the material
Hardening and cold working
Normalising
Martempering
Full annealing
Chromium
Silicon
Manganese
Magnesium
Room temperature
Above melting point
Between 1400°C and 1539°C
Between 910°C and 1400°C
No graphite
A very high percentage of graphite
A low percentage of graphite
Graphite as its basic constituent of composition
Improves wear resistance, cutting ability and toughness
Refines grain size and produces less tendency to carburisation, improves corrosion and heat resistant properties
Improves cutting ability and reduces hardenability
Gives ductility, toughness, tensile strength and anticorrosion properties
High temperature and low strain rates favour brittle fracture
Many metals with hexagonal close packed (H.C.P) crystal structure commonly show brittle fracture
Brittle fracture is always preceded by noise
Cup and cone formation is characteristic for brittle materials
Lead base alloy
Tin base alloy
Copper base alloy
Both (A) and (C) above
Nickel
Vanadium
Cobalt
Molybdenum
Silver, copper, zinc
Silver, tin, nickel
Silver, lead, zinc
Silver, copper, aluminium
Silver
Gold
Copper
Germanium
Hard
Soft
Ductile
Tough
B.C.C. crystalline structure
F.C.C. crystal structure
H.C.P. structure
A complex cubic structure
Low wear resistance
Low hardness
Low tensile strength
Toughness
Wholly pearlite
Wholly austenite
Pearlite and ferrite
Pearlite and cementite
Greater than 7
Equal to 7
Less than 7
pH value has nothing to do with basic solution
Hearth
Stack
Bosh
Throat
Body centered cubic
Face centered cubic
Hexagonal close packed
Cubic structure
Grain growth, recrystallisation, stress relief
Stress relief, grain growth, recrystallisation
Stress relief, recrystallisation, grain growth
Grain growth, stress relief, recrystallisation
0.02 %
0.3 %
0.63 %
0.8 %
By adding magnesium to molten cast iron
By quick cooling of molten cast iron
From white cast iron by annealing process
None of these
Mild steel
Cast iron
HSS
High carbon
Large surface wear
Elevated temperatures
Light load and pressure
High pressure and load
Zinc, magnesium, cobalt, cadmium, antimony and bismuth
Gamma-iron, aluminium, copper, lead, silver and nickel
Alpha-iron, tungsten, chromium and molybdenum
None of the above