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The maximum hydraulic efficiency of an impulse turbine is (where φ = Angle of blade tip at outlet)
(1 + cos φ)/2
(1 - cos φ)/2
(1 + sin φ)/2
(1 - sin φ)/2
(1 + cos φ)/2
(1 - cos φ)/2
(1 + sin φ)/2
(1 - sin φ)/2