class 1
class 2
class 3
class 4
A. class 1
class 1
class 2
class 3
class 4
DTPA provides better quality images with renal insufficiency
by giving captopril, MAG3 plasma clearance declines in hypertensive patients with renal artery stenosis but rises in those who do not have the disease
DTPA provides an excellent measurement of GFR
in pediatrics, MAG3 provides better quality images than DTPA
evaluating a probable bladder rupture
evaluating a probable colovesical or vesicovaginal fistulae
evaluating a probable intravesical pathology
evaluating a probable bladder diverticula
repeated febrile UTI in children
evaluating a probable posterior urethral valve
a & b
none of the above
small non-obstructive calculi might be missed at MRU performed for the evaluation of hematuria
in pediatrics, performing a dynamic contrast-enhanced imaging helps in evaluating crossing vessels in the setting of UPJ obstruction
the success of static-fluid MR urography depends on the presence of fluid within the urinary system regardless of renal function
MRU at 3T, carries the risk of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis
The higher the frequency, the deeper tissue penetration
The higher the frequency, the better the axial resolution
low-frequency transducers are of 6 to 10 MHz
the deeper tissue penetration, the better axial resolution
evaluation of probable ureteral obstruction
in conjunction with ureteroscopy
evaluation of hematuria
evaluation of probable ureterovesical reflux
hydrocalicosis
extrarenal pelvis
parapelvic cyst
class 2 Bosniak renal cyst
DTPA
DMSA
gallium-67
MAG-3
end-stage renal failure kidneys look small and hypoechoic
it is more accurate on diagnosing cystic lesions than solid masses
it is able to detect tumors as small as 2 mm
cortical carbuncle might be mistaken for hydronephrosis
embolizing the non-target artery might occur
severe pain at the renal area could occur
complications depend on the embolic agent
reactive left pulmonary edema
RCC
metastases
angiomyolipoma
oncocytoma
hippuran I-131
technetium-99m
gallium-67
indium-111labelled WBC
blood clot
fibro-epithelial polyp
sloughed renal papilla
all of the above
air
water
fat
bone
can be mistaken for a ureteral stone
is a small single, usually spiky, calcification within a vein
the amount of phleboliths increases with age
appears more often on the left than on the right side of the pelvis
the classic blue dot sign
thick, short, edematous spermatic cord
absence of intratesticular blood flow
increased epididymal blood flow
nuclear medicine
ultrasonography
X-ray fluoroscopy
intravenous urography
high signal on T1-weighted images
high signal on T2-weighted images
low signal on T1-weighted images
none of the above
unilateral hydrocele
bilateral varicocele
calcifications at the renal area on plain KUB film
painless hematuria
prominent columns of Bertin
xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis
lymphoma
renal infarction
Its uptake by glomerular filtration is almost 100%
It helps evaluate cortical structure and morphology
It provides a static picture of kidneys when compared to MAG3
it binds to the sulfhydryl groups in proximal tubules resulting in much higher resolution pinhole SPECT imaging
RCC
metastases
angiomyolipoma
oncocytoma
to evaluate ejaculatory duct obstruction in infertility case
to screen for prostate cancers
to take prostate biopsies
to place interstitial radiotherapy seeds
coning at the bulbar urethra is normal
segmental narrowing at bulbar urethra is normal
multiple round filling defects could be air bubbles
indicated in urethral trauma cases
using bladder scanner
measuring the voided urine
using abdominal ultrasonography
performing urinary catheterization
reliable tool to exclude urinary calculi
calcifications at renal area might lead to the discovery of renal cancers
can detect soft tissues
fecoliths and phleboliths could be mistaken for calculi
obstruction of the upper urinary tract may increase renal pelvis pressure and delay or decrease pelvis peristaltic rates
measured by color Doppler flow mapping in transverse scans at the suprapubic region
patients with ureteral stents are the ideal
adequate hydration is necessary
seminoma
embryonal cell tumor
mixed germ cell tumor
epidermoid cyst
mechanical waves
radar waves
microwaves
radio waves