RCC
metastases
angiomyolipoma
oncocytoma
C. angiomyolipoma
extension of the tumor to the diaphragm
extension of the tumor to the right atrium
the density of calcifications
the amount and bilaterality of cysts formation
RCC
metastases
angiomyolipoma
oncocytoma
grey-scale
simultaneous bilateral views
color Doppler
power Doppler
forniceal rupture
drained renal pelvis
high urine output
acute obstruction
diseases affecting the proximal convoluted tubules inhibit DMSA uptake
it is ideal to assess UPJ obstruction in adults
gentamicin and cisplatin inhibit the DMSA uptake
it allows better assessment of differential renal function
to evaluate ejaculatory duct obstruction in infertility case
to screen for prostate cancers
to take prostate biopsies
to place interstitial radiotherapy seeds
hyperechoic
hypoechoic
isoechoic
anechoic
nuclear medicine
ultrasonography
X-ray fluoroscopy
intravenous urography
intratesticular hematoma
testicular abscess
orchitis
sex cord stromal tumors
small non-obstructive calculi might be missed at MRU performed for the evaluation of hematuria
in pediatrics, performing a dynamic contrast-enhanced imaging helps in evaluating crossing vessels in the setting of UPJ obstruction
the success of static-fluid MR urography depends on the presence of fluid within the urinary system regardless of renal function
MRU at 3T, carries the risk of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis
coning at the bulbar urethra is normal
segmental narrowing at bulbar urethra is normal
multiple round filling defects could be air bubbles
indicated in urethral trauma cases
hypoechoic
hyperechoic
anechoic
isoechoic
obstruction of the upper urinary tract may increase renal pelvis pressure and delay or decrease pelvis peristaltic rates
measured by color Doppler flow mapping in transverse scans at the suprapubic region
patients with ureteral stents are the ideal
adequate hydration is necessary
DTPA
DMSA
gallium-67
MAG-3
hippuran I-131
technetium-99m
gallium-67
indium-111labelled WBC
an elimination T ½ < 10 minutes indicates obstructed system
the diuretic must be given at the maximum kidney activity
If ureteral stents are in place, the bladder catheter must be unclamped
99mTc-MAG3 is the agent of choice to study differential renal function and obstruction
renal tuberculosis
renal abscess
renal cell carcinoma
angiomyolipoma
0 minute
5 minutes
10 minutes
renal parenchyma does not appear on IVU
The higher the frequency, the deeper tissue penetration
The higher the frequency, the better the axial resolution
low-frequency transducers are of 6 to 10 MHz
the deeper tissue penetration, the better axial resolution
embolizing the non-target artery might occur
severe pain at the renal area could occur
complications depend on the embolic agent
reactive left pulmonary edema
take urine acidifiers
withhold metformin the day before the study and restart 48 hrs. later
get premedicated by steroids and antihistamines
decrease metformin dose and turn to insulin
MRI
CT
ultrasound
all are comparable
ejaculatory duct
vas deferens
seminal vesicles
rectal wall
more than 30 mL/min/1.73 m2
more than 60 mL/min/1.73 m2
more than 90 mL/min/1.73 m2
none of the above
advanced prostatic cancer
central diabetes insipidus
pituitary adenoma
a & c
class 1
class 2
class 3
class 4
high signal on T1-weighted images
high signal on T2-weighted images
low signal on T1-weighted images
none of the above
epididymal cysts
testicular tumors
renal stones
penile vasculature
DTPA provides better quality images with renal insufficiency
by giving captopril, MAG3 plasma clearance declines in hypertensive patients with renal artery stenosis but rises in those who do not have the disease
DTPA provides an excellent measurement of GFR
in pediatrics, MAG3 provides better quality images than DTPA
air
water
fat
bone