nitrofurantoin
amoxicillin
sulphonamides
doxycycline
B. amoxicillin
amniotic fluid embolism
disseminated intravascular coagulopathy
intrauterine fetal demise
all of the above
could lead to pyelonephritis, low birth weight, premature labor
pregnant women are at higher risk of UTI in weeks 6 throughout 24
antibiotics should be culture-based and given, preferably, intravenous in a single shot
screening for asymptomatic bacteriuria should begin at first antenatal visit
enteric hyperoxaluria
absorptive hypercalciuria
hypercitraturia
high urinary output
could be a sign of UTI
occurs because the bladder capacity decreases
occurs because the renal blood flow increases
all are true
0.5 5%
5 15%
15 25%
25 35%
it occurs because pregnancy increases the renal blood flow to up to 75% and approximately 50% increase in the GFR
typically, ureteral dilation does not occur below the pelvic brim
it affects almost 13% of pregnancies by the 26th and 28th weeks
is always asymptomatic
when a positive urine culture is obtained
asymptomatic bacteriuria should be treated
catheterized pregnants should not be treated
when UTI is recurrent
one or two films of IVU are acceptable
CT is absolutely discouraged
MRI is the diagnostic modality of choice
ultrasonography is the safest
conservative management with hydration and analgesics
ESWL
cystoscopy and DJ ureteral stent insertion
perc. nephrostomy
the incidence of dilation is lesser in nulliparous ladies
occurs in the second trimester
mostly, hydronephrosis disappears on its own in about 6 weeks after delivery
commoner in the right ureter
aminopenicillins and cephalosporins
co-trimoxazole and nitrofurantoins
fluoroquinolones and minoglycosides
macrolides and clindamycin
nitrofurantoin
amoxicillin
sulphonamides
doxycycline
occurs in 2 10% of pregnancies
commonly occurs in the first trimester
usually, associated with urinary tract abnormalities
could progress to serious complications if left untreated