blood cells more than pus cells
pus cells if infection was superadded
crystals might appear
all of the above
A. blood cells more than pus cells
1000 - 1300 HU density
5 - 10 mm diameter
lower calyx location
mid ureteral location
dissolves cystine stones
enhances nephrocalcinosis process over old scared areas
inhibits Ca.oxalate aggregation and crystallization
plays a secondary role in metastatic calcification process
indinavir
magnesium ammonium phosphate
xanthine
matrix
they are mandatory when urine shows ≥ 10 WBCs/hpf in symptomatic patients
they aim at treating pyonephrosis and urosepsis
they should cover Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus, Enterobacter, Proteus, and Klebsiella species
All of the above
it is characterized by low urinary magnesium and citrate
magnesium increases renal tubular citrate resorption
diarrheal is a remarkable side effect of magnesium therapy
potassium-magnesium preparations might restore urinary magnesium and citrate levels
stones in a solitary kidney
ureteral stones causing bilateral obstructions
a kidney stone of ≥ 2.5 cm in size
all of the above
the initial step is papillary plaque formation
crystals formation occurs inside the nephron
tubular precipitates form harmless crystalluria
the attraction of organic compounds and activation crystallization is regulated by osteopontin
hypercalciuria and hypocitraturia
hypercalciuria and hypercitraturia
hypocalciuria and hypocitraturia
hypocalciuria and hypercitraturia
a stone is fragmented when the force of the shockwaves overcomes the tensile strength of the stone
fragmentation occurs as a result of compressive and tensile forces, erosion, shearing, spalling, and cavitation
the generation of compressive and tensile forces and cavitation are thought to be the most important
all of the above
impaired renal tubular calcium reabsorption
excessive glomerular leak of calcium
deficiency of the enzyme xanthine oxidase
hypercalcemia
can be placed through perc. nephrostomy
might slip out, especially in females
usually radiopaque
all of the above
stones at posterior urethra could be pushed back to the bladder
stones at anterior urethra have to undergo a trial of milking out, using copious intra-urethral xylocaine gel
often respond to a two-week course of tamsulosin
respond to Holmium laser treatment
calcium monohydrate
calcium oxalate
ammonium urate
none of the above
placing the patient in anti-Trendelenburg position
making the puncture under local anesthesia
injection Co2 gas to create a safety space under the diaphragm before puncturing
making the puncture during full expiration
dissolving homogenous nucleation
high tendency to form cystine sulfate stones
indicates the amount of dietary protein
post ESWL therapy
Proteus mirabilis
E. coli
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Staphylococcus epidermidis
ESWL
PCNL with fulguration of the diverticulum
ureteroscopy with fulguration of the diverticulum
pyelolithotomy with diverticulectomy
form due to inspissated smegma
form due to stasis of urinary salts
cause inguinal lymphadenopathy
often associated with phimosis in uncircumcised males
frequently caused by loop diuretics
stones are often radiolucent
may be reversed by the use of thiazides
low calcium-to-creatinine ratio predicts stones resolution
lithogenic anion to cation ratio
Randall cut off
saturation index
solubility product
commonly occur in patients with senile prostatic enlargement
common in children exposed to low-protein, low-phosphate diet
rarely recur after treatment
respond to ESWL
by ensuring optimal coupling of the patient to the lithotripter
by running the treatment at a slower rate (60 shocks/min)
by running the treatment with general anesthesia
by all of the above
renal insufficiency
active urinary tract infection
uncorrected bleeding disorder
third trimester pregnancy
2,8 dihydroxyadenine stones
sulfa medications-induced stones
calcium oxalate stones
matrix stones
dehydration
metabolic disorders
congenital anomalies
all of the above
Klebsiella pneumonia
Morganella morganii
Proteus mirabilis
all of the above
result from an inherited defect of renal tubular reabsorption of cysteine
characteristically, urate and cysteine stone are radiolucent
cysteine is a dibasic amino acid
on plain X-ray, cysteine stones exhibit ground-glass appearance
ammonium urate
sodium urate
calcium oxalate
calcium phosphate
subcostal puncture performed during full expiration
previous open nephrolithotomy
access lateral to the posterior axillary line
horseshoe kidney
short and wide infundibulum
large lower-pole infundibulo-pelvic angle
the adjunct usage of PCNL
all of the above