the classic blue dot sign
thick, short, edematous spermatic cord
absence of intratesticular blood flow
increased epididymal blood flow
C. absence of intratesticular blood flow
diseases affecting the proximal convoluted tubules inhibit DMSA uptake
it is ideal to assess UPJ obstruction in adults
gentamicin and cisplatin inhibit the DMSA uptake
it allows better assessment of differential renal function
RCC
metastases
angiomyolipoma
oncocytoma
epinephrine
atropine
hydrocortisone
antihistamine
obstruction of the upper urinary tract may increase renal pelvis pressure and delay or decrease pelvis peristaltic rates
measured by color Doppler flow mapping in transverse scans at the suprapubic region
patients with ureteral stents are the ideal
adequate hydration is necessary
DTPA provides better quality images with renal insufficiency
by giving captopril, MAG3 plasma clearance declines in hypertensive patients with renal artery stenosis but rises in those who do not have the disease
DTPA provides an excellent measurement of GFR
in pediatrics, MAG3 provides better quality images than DTPA
coning at the bulbar urethra is normal
segmental narrowing at bulbar urethra is normal
multiple round filling defects could be air bubbles
indicated in urethral trauma cases
prominent columns of Bertin
xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis
lymphoma
renal infarction
ejaculatory duct
vas deferens
seminal vesicles
rectal wall
using bladder scanner
measuring the voided urine
using abdominal ultrasonography
performing urinary catheterization
malunion of lumbar and/or sacral vertebral bodies
pelvic bone diastasis
sacral agenesis
fracture of anterior pubic rami
hypoechoic
hyperechoic
anechoic
isoechoic
nuclear medicine
ultrasonography
X-ray fluoroscopy
intravenous urography
hyperechoic
hypoechoic
isoechoic
anechoic
dark
intermediate
bright
none of the above
high signal on T1-weighted images
high signal on T2-weighted images
low signal on T1-weighted images
none of the above
unilateral hydrocele
bilateral varicocele
calcifications at the renal area on plain KUB film
painless hematuria
0 minute
5 minutes
10 minutes
renal parenchyma does not appear on IVU
bleeding angiomyolipomas
an alternative to nephrectomy in severe uncontrolled hypertension among patients with end-stage renal disease
renal artery aneurysms or symptomatic AV malformations
all of the above
preparation for donor nephrectomy
advanced RCC in the right kidney
renal artery stenosis
oncocytoma in the left kidney
can be mistaken for a ureteral stone
is a small single, usually spiky, calcification within a vein
the amount of phleboliths increases with age
appears more often on the left than on the right side of the pelvis
MRI
CT
ultrasound
all are comparable
an elimination T ½ < 10 minutes indicates obstructed system
the diuretic must be given at the maximum kidney activity
If ureteral stents are in place, the bladder catheter must be unclamped
99mTc-MAG3 is the agent of choice to study differential renal function and obstruction
epididymal cysts
testicular tumors
renal stones
penile vasculature
air
water
fat
bone
to evaluate ejaculatory duct obstruction in infertility case
to screen for prostate cancers
to take prostate biopsies
to place interstitial radiotherapy seeds
Its uptake by glomerular filtration is almost 100%
It helps evaluate cortical structure and morphology
It provides a static picture of kidneys when compared to MAG3
it binds to the sulfhydryl groups in proximal tubules resulting in much higher resolution pinhole SPECT imaging
DTPA
DMSA
gallium-67
MAG-3
RCC
metastases
angiomyolipoma
oncocytoma
forniceal rupture
drained renal pelvis
high urine output
acute obstruction
small non-obstructive calculi might be missed at MRU performed for the evaluation of hematuria
in pediatrics, performing a dynamic contrast-enhanced imaging helps in evaluating crossing vessels in the setting of UPJ obstruction
the success of static-fluid MR urography depends on the presence of fluid within the urinary system regardless of renal function
MRU at 3T, carries the risk of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis