bleeding angiomyolipomas
an alternative to nephrectomy in severe uncontrolled hypertension among patients with end-stage renal disease
renal artery aneurysms or symptomatic AV malformations
all of the above
D. all of the above
mechanical waves
radar waves
microwaves
radio waves
advanced prostatic cancer
central diabetes insipidus
pituitary adenoma
a & c
RCC
metastases
angiomyolipoma
oncocytoma
DTPA
DMSA
gallium-67
MAG-3
coning at the bulbar urethra is normal
segmental narrowing at bulbar urethra is normal
multiple round filling defects could be air bubbles
indicated in urethral trauma cases
preparation for donor nephrectomy
advanced RCC in the right kidney
renal artery stenosis
oncocytoma in the left kidney
an elimination T ½ < 10 minutes indicates obstructed system
the diuretic must be given at the maximum kidney activity
If ureteral stents are in place, the bladder catheter must be unclamped
99mTc-MAG3 is the agent of choice to study differential renal function and obstruction
unilateral hydrocele
bilateral varicocele
calcifications at the renal area on plain KUB film
painless hematuria
diseases affecting the proximal convoluted tubules inhibit DMSA uptake
it is ideal to assess UPJ obstruction in adults
gentamicin and cisplatin inhibit the DMSA uptake
it allows better assessment of differential renal function
take urine acidifiers
withhold metformin the day before the study and restart 48 hrs. later
get premedicated by steroids and antihistamines
decrease metformin dose and turn to insulin
the classic blue dot sign
thick, short, edematous spermatic cord
absence of intratesticular blood flow
increased epididymal blood flow
epididymal cysts
testicular tumors
renal stones
penile vasculature
0 minute
5 minutes
10 minutes
renal parenchyma does not appear on IVU
Its uptake by glomerular filtration is almost 100%
It helps evaluate cortical structure and morphology
It provides a static picture of kidneys when compared to MAG3
it binds to the sulfhydryl groups in proximal tubules resulting in much higher resolution pinhole SPECT imaging
hypoechoic
hyperechoic
anechoic
isoechoic
embolizing the non-target artery might occur
severe pain at the renal area could occur
complications depend on the embolic agent
reactive left pulmonary edema
epinephrine
atropine
hydrocortisone
antihistamine
DTPA provides better quality images with renal insufficiency
by giving captopril, MAG3 plasma clearance declines in hypertensive patients with renal artery stenosis but rises in those who do not have the disease
DTPA provides an excellent measurement of GFR
in pediatrics, MAG3 provides better quality images than DTPA
nuclear medicine
ultrasonography
X-ray fluoroscopy
intravenous urography
high signal on T1-weighted images
high signal on T2-weighted images
low signal on T1-weighted images
none of the above
repeated febrile UTI in children
evaluating a probable posterior urethral valve
a & b
none of the above
more than 30 mL/min/1.73 m2
more than 60 mL/min/1.73 m2
more than 90 mL/min/1.73 m2
none of the above
The higher the frequency, the deeper tissue penetration
The higher the frequency, the better the axial resolution
low-frequency transducers are of 6 to 10 MHz
the deeper tissue penetration, the better axial resolution
evaluating a probable bladder rupture
evaluating a probable colovesical or vesicovaginal fistulae
evaluating a probable intravesical pathology
evaluating a probable bladder diverticula
reliable tool to exclude urinary calculi
calcifications at renal area might lead to the discovery of renal cancers
can detect soft tissues
fecoliths and phleboliths could be mistaken for calculi
obstruction of the upper urinary tract may increase renal pelvis pressure and delay or decrease pelvis peristaltic rates
measured by color Doppler flow mapping in transverse scans at the suprapubic region
patients with ureteral stents are the ideal
adequate hydration is necessary
dark
intermediate
bright
none of the above
extension of the tumor to the diaphragm
extension of the tumor to the right atrium
the density of calcifications
the amount and bilaterality of cysts formation
end-stage renal failure kidneys look small and hypoechoic
it is more accurate on diagnosing cystic lesions than solid masses
it is able to detect tumors as small as 2 mm
cortical carbuncle might be mistaken for hydronephrosis
malunion of lumbar and/or sacral vertebral bodies
pelvic bone diastasis
sacral agenesis
fracture of anterior pubic rami