it focuses on last month`s symptoms
scores of moderate symptoms suggest surgical treatment if the patient`s quality of life was poor
it has been validated and translated to many languages
all of the above
D. all of the above
small prostate
mainly median lobe hypertrophy
history of urinary retention
mainly irritative symptoms
IPSS cannot be used to establish the diagnosis of BPH/LUTS
prostate biopsy is essential in diagnosing BPH and excluding cancers
PSA and uroflowmetry help diagnose the condition
none of the above
removing small bladder stones
better access to prostatic fossa
technically, easier trigonization
. When comparing retropubic to suprapubic prostatectomy for removing prostatic adenoma, the former has the advantage of:
PSA decreases
the prostate size decreases
the complaints resolve
the Q.O.L improves
an additional 15 g in prostate weight
each centimeter over the normal 1.5-cm prostate urethral length equates
an additional 5 g in prostate weight
. When comparing suprapubic to retropubic prostatectomy for removing prostatic adenoma, the former allows:
nearly all men have PVR of less than 12 ml
it predicts the outcome of surgical treatment
it correlates well with BPH/LUTS
it is diagnostic for bladder outlet obstruction
men with storage symptoms
men with ED
failed combination of α-adrenergic blocker and 5α-reductase inhibitor
a & b
the most potent androgenic hormones in BPH development is DHT
type-2 steroid 5 α-reductase, is most commonly found in the prostate
castrated individuals before puberty will not develop BPH
as a man ages, the number of androgen receptors in the prostate decreases
go for urine cytology testing
go for PSA testing
go for TRUS
use anticholinergic medication
enoxaparin
silodosin
finasteride
tolterodine
BPH is an inheritable and progressive disease
familial BPH presents at an older age when compared to sporadic cases
approximately 90% of men in their 80s have histologic evidence of BPH
BPH tends to be more severe and progressive in black men when compared to whites
the irrigating fluid is at a pressure exceeding 10 mm Hg
the prostate volume is > 45 cc
the resection time is > 90 minutes
all of the above
α1-a
α1-b
α2-a
α2-b
the size of the prostate correlates well to the degree of obstruction
a decrease of 3 points in IPSS is associated with a subjective perception of improvement
median lobe enlargement gives rise to serious obstructive symptoms
bladder trabeculation is not specific for an obstructing prostate
frequency, over-flow incontinence, straining, retention
straining, frequency, over-flow incontinence, retention
straining, frequency, retention, over-flow incontinence
frequency, straining, retention, over-flow incontinence
achieves better results when combined with antimuscarinic
enhances detrusor contractility resulting in higher Q-max
enhance detrusor relaxation during bladder-filling phase
increases voiding pressure that poses risk on renal function
obstruction results in bladder smooth muscle hypertrophy and myofibroblasts deposition
BPH occurs chiefly in the transitional zone and periurethral tissues
BPH microscopical changes begin in early thirties
histologic findings of chronic prostatitis are common in BPH
induces nerve degeneration in the prostate and tissue necrosis
frequently results in transient urinary retention
frequently leads to erectile dysfunction
the high-energy platform is superior to the low-energy with regard to clinical efficacy
there is an increase in the number of epithelial and stromal cells
there is an increase in the size of epithelial and stromal cells
in BPH, epithelial to stromal cells ratio is 1:2
all of the above
as a man ages, the responsiveness of prostate cells to androgenic stimuli decreases
adrenal androgens have no role in BPH development
type-1 steroid 5 α-reductase is functionally active in the hair follicle
all of the above
smaller incisions with a shorter hospital stay
lower risk for blood transfusion
none of the above
. What is the first-line management of uncomplicated LUTS due to large prostate?
intra-prostatic levels of estrogen decrease in men with BPH
stimulation of the adrenergic nervous system results in a dynamic increase in prostatic urethral resistance
inflammation may play a role through cytokines to promote cell growth
hyperplasia occurs due to an imbalance between cell death and cell proliferation
urolithiasis
receiving chemotherapy
upper tract surgery
painless hematuria
bladder trabeculation
significant PVR
low peak flow rate
high IPSS
never
unlikely
likely
always
sacral cord integrity
pelvic hematoma
pelvic floor muscle tenderness
prostatic median lobe hypertrophy
tuberculous prostatitis
prostatic cancer
inspissated prostatic abscess
any of the above
sizable bladder stones
Hutch diverticulum
a suspicion of cancer
a & b
532 nm
694 nm
755 nm
1064 nm
calcium channel blockers
antihistamines
antidepressants
cold medications containing pseudoephedrine