obstruction results in bladder smooth muscle hypertrophy and myofibroblasts deposition
BPH occurs chiefly in the transitional zone and periurethral tissues
BPH microscopical changes begin in early thirties
histologic findings of chronic prostatitis are common in BPH
A. obstruction results in bladder smooth muscle hypertrophy and myofibroblasts deposition
urolithiasis
receiving chemotherapy
upper tract surgery
painless hematuria
it focuses on last month`s symptoms
scores of moderate symptoms suggest surgical treatment if the patient`s quality of life was poor
it has been validated and translated to many languages
all of the above
removing small bladder stones
better access to prostatic fossa
technically, easier trigonization
. When comparing retropubic to suprapubic prostatectomy for removing prostatic adenoma, the former has the advantage of:
IPSS cannot be used to establish the diagnosis of BPH/LUTS
prostate biopsy is essential in diagnosing BPH and excluding cancers
PSA and uroflowmetry help diagnose the condition
none of the above
each centimeter over the normal 2-cm prostate urethral length equates
an additional 12 g in prostate weight
each centimeter over the normal 2.5-cm prostate urethral length equates
an additional 10 g in prostate weight
it helps predict the response to 5α-reductase inhibitors
it monitors LUTS/BPH progression
BPH patients are at higher risk of developing prostate cancer
a & b
symptoms begin with a serum sodium of less than 120 mEq/L
the mortality is 2.7-5.8 %
manifestations rely on acute changes in the intravascular volume and plasma solute concentrations
the preferred height of irrigating fluid is 60 cm above the patient
the irrigating fluid is at a pressure exceeding 10 mm Hg
the prostate volume is > 45 cc
the resection time is > 90 minutes
all of the above
small prostate
mainly median lobe hypertrophy
history of urinary retention
mainly irritative symptoms
is only indicated in small prostates
complications are related to the amount of lost blood and removed chips
is a minimal procedure where no risk of rectal injury or retrograde ejaculation have been reported
it entails making 1 or 2 incisions along all prostate lobes except the apical
prostate sizes of up to 70 ml can be treated
not recommended in patients with metallic artificial hip
retreatment rates are lower than for TURP
can be performed in an office-based setting
PSA > 1.5 ng/dL
prostate volume > 40 ml
IPSS > 19
a & b
bladder neck
apex
median lobe
para-collecular
milder postoperative hematuria
tension-free bladder closure
extra-peritoneal approach
. When comparing TURP to open prostatectomy for removing prostatic adenoma, the latter has the following advantages, EXCEPT:
an additional 15 g in prostate weight
each centimeter over the normal 1.5-cm prostate urethral length equates
an additional 5 g in prostate weight
. When comparing suprapubic to retropubic prostatectomy for removing prostatic adenoma, the former allows:
induces nerve degeneration in the prostate and tissue necrosis
frequently results in transient urinary retention
frequently leads to erectile dysfunction
the high-energy platform is superior to the low-energy with regard to clinical efficacy
provides tissue preservation for pathological examination
treats any size of prostatic adenoma
follows anatomic planes to remove the prostate in lobes
urinary incontinence is a significant drawback after HoLEP
worsening of LUTS and BPH over time
patients die of other reasons before serious complications occur
physically, the space of prostatic fossa limits the gland enlargement
ultimately, the gland will degenerate and undergo apoptosis
bladder trabeculation
significant PVR
low peak flow rate
high IPSS
total and free PSA
renal ultrasonography
creatinine clearance
uroflowmetry
calcium channel blockers
antihistamines
antidepressants
cold medications containing pseudoephedrine
is specific for prostate symptom
is a seven-question, self-administered questionnaire that yields a total score that ranges from 0 to 35
a sum of 20 on IPSS scale is severe
it covers both voiding and storage symptomatology
sizable bladder stones
Hutch diverticulum
a suspicion of cancer
a & b
combination of α-adrenergic blocker and 5α-reductase inhibitor
watchful waiting
TURP
. What is the commonest cause of LUTS in men beyond middle age?
cetrorelix
flutamide
dutasteride
zanoterone
sacral cord integrity
pelvic hematoma
pelvic floor muscle tenderness
prostatic median lobe hypertrophy
the presence of prostate cancer
previous prostatectomy
all of the above
. Robot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy for prostatic adenoma has the following advantage over TURP:
occurs because of absorption of non-sodium-containing irrigating fluid
occurs only on using unipolar TURP
results in brain edema due to dilutional hyponatremia
positioning the patient in anti-Trendelenburg helps prevent the syndrome
peak flow rate of ≤ 12 mL/sec
prostate volume > 40 ml
PSA > 1.5 ng/dL
b & c
TUIP
TURP
HoLEP
HoLRP