rarely, the urothelial cell nests show a central lumen lined by glandular epithelium
In some cases, it may form polypoid masses that mimic urothelial neoplasms
It might appear as multinodular exophytic mass seen on cystoscopy
cystitis cystica and cystitis glandularis frequently coexist in the same specimen
A. rarely, the urothelial cell nests show a central lumen lined by glandular epithelium
elevated body temperature
dropped blood pressure
elevated heart rate
reduced urine output
fever and chills
suprapubic pain and pyuria
flank pain and tenderness
none of the above
AIDS patients in active infection show low CD4 + T-cell count
the diagnosis is confirmed by positive anti-HIV-1, anti-HIV-2 antibodies
patients receiving antiviral therapy could still be infectious
herpes simplex virus increases HIV replication in infected persons
aminoglycoside
fluoroquinolone
2nd generation cephalosporin
doxycycline
asymptomatic bacteriuria
sterile pyouria
bacterial colonization
unresolved bacteriuria
45% are caused by E. coli
related to an indwelling urinary catheter in approximately 40% of cases
responds fairly to oral antibiotics
tends to report higher antibiotic resistance
necrosis of the superficial and deep fascial planes
fibrinoid thrombosis of the nutrient arterioles
polymorphonuclear cell infiltration
all of the above
bladder neck suspension surgery
chronic constipation
poor genital hygiene
contraceptive diaphragm
nephrotic syndrome
hypertension
sickle cell hemoglobinopathy
sarcoidosis
pelvic inflammatory disease
lymphogranuloma venereum
infertility
all of the above
is most commonly associated with Proteus or E. coli infection
is characterized by lipid-laden foamy macrophages
the overall prognosis is poor
it might involve adjacent structures or organs
2
6
7
8
inhibits bladder epithelial cell proliferation
inhibits the bladder proliferative growth factors
stimulates the proliferation inhibitory factors
none of the above
results from ectopic nephrogenic blastema cells in the detrusor muscle
might undergo malignant transformation in 15 40% of the cases
on cystoscopy, it appears as a bladder mucosal irregularity or large intramural mass
the preferred treatment is cystectomy and urinary diversion
could result from intra-renal abscess of ascending infection
urine culture might be negative
plain KUB X-ray has no value in the diagnosis
surgical drainage is the proper treatment
type II
type III-a
type III-b
type IV
von Hippel-Lindau disease
tuberous sclerosis
cystic fibrosis
autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease
should be distinguished from testicular torsion in the emergency setting
viral epididymitis is commoner in the elderly
chronic epididymitis might complicate BPH
chronic epididymitis might require epididymectomy
should be flushed frequently, but no antibiotic is advised
should be treated if febrile UTI has developed
should be treated only if urine culture is positive
should be treated once the catheter is removed
43%
53%
63%
73%
are premalignant, and found in 1-6% of prostate biopsies
are small hyaline masses of unknown significance found in the prostate gland
they are degenerate cells or thickened secretions in the prostate ducts
might appear as prostate calcifications on X-ray KUB
Coxsackie B
Epstein-Barr
varicella
all of the above
adherence of bacteria to vaginal cells
vaginal dryness
O serogroup
vaginal pH
in pediatrics, adenovirus types 11 and 21 could result in hemorrhagic cystitis
immunosuppressed children are especially susceptible to Cytomegalovirus and Adenoviruses 7, 21, and 35
in pediatrics, acute viral cystitis might present as acute retention of urine
classically, treatment should be culture-specific
most cysts appear as filling defects on cystography
most often found in the trigone area
the cyst lumens contain esinophilic secretions that may have a few inflammatory cells
cystitis cystica and cystitis glandularis are reactive urothelial changes
most commonly due to indwelling catheters
the areas of inflammation are usually confined to the lateral walls or the dome of the bladder
radiographic changes are nonspecific or present as bullous edema
indwelling catheters are associated with squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder
commonly presents with scrotal pain, swelling, fever, and leucocytosis
epididymo-orchitis is the most frequent genitourinary complication of brucellosis
epididymo-orchitis occurs in 10-15% of male patients with brucellosis
treatment includes doxycycline and rifampicin for 6-8 weeks
phagocytes
CD4 T cells
B lymphocytes
natural killer cells
is defined as a polymicrobial chronic infection of the perineal, perianal, or genital areas
as the disease progresses, branches from the inferior epigastric, deep circumflex iliac, and external pudendal arteries get thrombosed
presents as a dark skinned-scrotum, subcutaneous crepitation, and foul smell
surgical debridement often spares the testes
is the commonest extra-pulmonary site of infection
bladder TB is secondary to renal TB, and usually begins at the ureteral orifices
in the kidneys, TB is typically bilateral, cortical, and adjacent to the glomeruli; they may remain dormant for ages
epididymal TB might occur by hematogenous or direct spread from the urinary tract