commoner in females than in males
in pediatrics, are of calcium oxalate and/or ammonium urate composition
caused by bladder outlet obstruction
might result in bladder cancer
A. commoner in females than in males
transitional epithelium lining minor calyces
transitional epithelium lining major calyces
basement membrane of the loops of Henle
papillary tips of polar pyramids
0 10%
10 20%
20 30%
30 40%
right hemicolectomy
small bowel resection
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass
b & c
the surface area of the stones
the volume of the stones
the density of the stones
the number of the stones
terminal ilium resection
liver transplantation
kidney transplantation
regular hemodialysis
they are metabolic stones that form at high urinary pH
they score 800 1000 HU on CT
only 25% of affected patients have Gout disease
affected patients must stop eating animal protein
α-Mercaptopropionylglycine
d-Penicillamine
a & b
none of the above
commoner in females than in males
in pediatrics, are of calcium oxalate and/or ammonium urate composition
caused by bladder outlet obstruction
might result in bladder cancer
watchful waiting
open surgical correction
IVU with possible endoscopic ureteral stenting
perc. nephrostomy tube insertion
wet chemical analysis
thermogravimetry
scanning electron microscopy
none of the above
ESWL
PCNL with fulguration of the diverticulum
ureteroscopy with fulguration of the diverticulum
pyelolithotomy with diverticulectomy
Klebsiella pneumonia
Morganella morganii
Proteus mirabilis
all of the above
by performing intra-operative ultrasonography
by performing radial nephrotomies
by performing adjunct PCLN
by taking a scout KUB film
α-Mercaptopropionylglycine
acetohydroxamic acid
carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
xanthine oxidase inhibitors
matrix
indinavir
brushite
2,8 dihydroxyadenine
furosemide
tamsulosin
nifedipine
diclofenac
can be placed through perc. nephrostomy
might slip out, especially in females
usually radiopaque
all of the above
400 600 HU
600 800 HU
800 1000 HU
1000 1200 HU
stone size of ≤ 4 mm
stone burden of ≥ 22 mm
there is a distal partial obstruction
the patient has end-stage renal failure
to stent the ureter after ureteral surgery
to facilitate stone passage
after a tough ureteroscopy procedure
all of the above
physiological saline 0.9%
glycine 1.5%
balanced salt solution
distilled water
1000 - 1300 HU density
5 - 10 mm diameter
lower calyx location
mid ureteral location
the commonest to form staghorn giant calculi
formed by urease producing bacteria
antibiotics have a role in the treatment
form at the two extremes of urinary pH range
impaired renal tubular calcium reabsorption
excessive glomerular leak of calcium
deficiency of the enzyme xanthine oxidase
hypercalcemia
should be treated with more analgesics
must undergo metabolic worked out
are unlikely to pass out spontaneously
chemolysis should be tried first
piezoelectric
electrohydraulic
electromagnetic
microexplosive
composed of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate
the vast majority are asymptomatic
most of the calculi are found in the transitional zone
they dont affect PSA levels
cysteine
urate
calcium
none of the above
result from an inherited defect of renal tubular reabsorption of cysteine
characteristically, urate and cysteine stone are radiolucent
cysteine is a dibasic amino acid
on plain X-ray, cysteine stones exhibit ground-glass appearance
ESWL
PCNL
radial nephrolithotomy
pyelolithotomy with ureteral stenting