diseases affecting the proximal convoluted tubules inhibit DMSA uptake
it is ideal to assess UPJ obstruction in adults
gentamicin and cisplatin inhibit the DMSA uptake
it allows better assessment of differential renal function
B. it is ideal to assess UPJ obstruction in adults
the classic blue dot sign
thick, short, edematous spermatic cord
absence of intratesticular blood flow
increased epididymal blood flow
reliable tool to exclude urinary calculi
calcifications at renal area might lead to the discovery of renal cancers
can detect soft tissues
fecoliths and phleboliths could be mistaken for calculi
hyperechoic
hypoechoic
isoechoic
anechoic
dark
intermediate
bright
none of the above
end-stage renal failure kidneys look small and hypoechoic
it is more accurate on diagnosing cystic lesions than solid masses
it is able to detect tumors as small as 2 mm
cortical carbuncle might be mistaken for hydronephrosis
preparation for donor nephrectomy
advanced RCC in the right kidney
renal artery stenosis
oncocytoma in the left kidney
evaluation of probable ureteral obstruction
in conjunction with ureteroscopy
evaluation of hematuria
evaluation of probable ureterovesical reflux
take urine acidifiers
withhold metformin the day before the study and restart 48 hrs. later
get premedicated by steroids and antihistamines
decrease metformin dose and turn to insulin
The higher the frequency, the deeper tissue penetration
The higher the frequency, the better the axial resolution
low-frequency transducers are of 6 to 10 MHz
the deeper tissue penetration, the better axial resolution
repeated febrile UTI in children
evaluating a probable posterior urethral valve
a & b
none of the above
advanced prostatic cancer
central diabetes insipidus
pituitary adenoma
a & c
DTPA
DMSA
gallium-67
MAG-3
nuclear medicine
ultrasonography
X-ray fluoroscopy
intravenous urography
hippuran I-131
technetium-99m
gallium-67
indium-111labelled WBC
unilateral hydrocele
bilateral varicocele
calcifications at the renal area on plain KUB film
painless hematuria
malunion of lumbar and/or sacral vertebral bodies
pelvic bone diastasis
sacral agenesis
fracture of anterior pubic rami
Its uptake by glomerular filtration is almost 100%
It helps evaluate cortical structure and morphology
It provides a static picture of kidneys when compared to MAG3
it binds to the sulfhydryl groups in proximal tubules resulting in much higher resolution pinhole SPECT imaging
seminoma
embryonal cell tumor
mixed germ cell tumor
epidermoid cyst
more than 30 mL/min/1.73 m2
more than 60 mL/min/1.73 m2
more than 90 mL/min/1.73 m2
none of the above
epinephrine
atropine
hydrocortisone
antihistamine
extension of the tumor to the diaphragm
extension of the tumor to the right atrium
the density of calcifications
the amount and bilaterality of cysts formation
coning at the bulbar urethra is normal
segmental narrowing at bulbar urethra is normal
multiple round filling defects could be air bubbles
indicated in urethral trauma cases
evaluating a probable bladder rupture
evaluating a probable colovesical or vesicovaginal fistulae
evaluating a probable intravesical pathology
evaluating a probable bladder diverticula
blood clot
fibro-epithelial polyp
sloughed renal papilla
all of the above
hydrocalicosis
extrarenal pelvis
parapelvic cyst
class 2 Bosniak renal cyst
class 1
class 2
class 3
class 4
renal tuberculosis
renal abscess
renal cell carcinoma
angiomyolipoma
DTPA provides better quality images with renal insufficiency
by giving captopril, MAG3 plasma clearance declines in hypertensive patients with renal artery stenosis but rises in those who do not have the disease
DTPA provides an excellent measurement of GFR
in pediatrics, MAG3 provides better quality images than DTPA
small non-obstructive calculi might be missed at MRU performed for the evaluation of hematuria
in pediatrics, performing a dynamic contrast-enhanced imaging helps in evaluating crossing vessels in the setting of UPJ obstruction
the success of static-fluid MR urography depends on the presence of fluid within the urinary system regardless of renal function
MRU at 3T, carries the risk of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis
forniceal rupture
drained renal pelvis
high urine output
acute obstruction