malunion of lumbar and/or sacral vertebral bodies
pelvic bone diastasis
sacral agenesis
fracture of anterior pubic rami
B. pelvic bone diastasis
diseases affecting the proximal convoluted tubules inhibit DMSA uptake
it is ideal to assess UPJ obstruction in adults
gentamicin and cisplatin inhibit the DMSA uptake
it allows better assessment of differential renal function
an elimination T ½ < 10 minutes indicates obstructed system
the diuretic must be given at the maximum kidney activity
If ureteral stents are in place, the bladder catheter must be unclamped
99mTc-MAG3 is the agent of choice to study differential renal function and obstruction
bleeding angiomyolipomas
an alternative to nephrectomy in severe uncontrolled hypertension among patients with end-stage renal disease
renal artery aneurysms or symptomatic AV malformations
all of the above
reliable tool to exclude urinary calculi
calcifications at renal area might lead to the discovery of renal cancers
can detect soft tissues
fecoliths and phleboliths could be mistaken for calculi
hyperechoic
hypoechoic
isoechoic
anechoic
unilateral hydrocele
bilateral varicocele
calcifications at the renal area on plain KUB film
painless hematuria
using bladder scanner
measuring the voided urine
using abdominal ultrasonography
performing urinary catheterization
The higher the frequency, the deeper tissue penetration
The higher the frequency, the better the axial resolution
low-frequency transducers are of 6 to 10 MHz
the deeper tissue penetration, the better axial resolution
repeated febrile UTI in children
evaluating a probable posterior urethral valve
a & b
none of the above
blood clot
fibro-epithelial polyp
sloughed renal papilla
all of the above
grey-scale
simultaneous bilateral views
color Doppler
power Doppler
mechanical waves
radar waves
microwaves
radio waves
intratesticular hematoma
testicular abscess
orchitis
sex cord stromal tumors
hydrocalicosis
extrarenal pelvis
parapelvic cyst
class 2 Bosniak renal cyst
dark
intermediate
bright
none of the above
malunion of lumbar and/or sacral vertebral bodies
pelvic bone diastasis
sacral agenesis
fracture of anterior pubic rami
DTPA provides better quality images with renal insufficiency
by giving captopril, MAG3 plasma clearance declines in hypertensive patients with renal artery stenosis but rises in those who do not have the disease
DTPA provides an excellent measurement of GFR
in pediatrics, MAG3 provides better quality images than DTPA
epididymal cysts
testicular tumors
renal stones
penile vasculature
more than 30 mL/min/1.73 m2
more than 60 mL/min/1.73 m2
more than 90 mL/min/1.73 m2
none of the above
obstruction of the upper urinary tract may increase renal pelvis pressure and delay or decrease pelvis peristaltic rates
measured by color Doppler flow mapping in transverse scans at the suprapubic region
patients with ureteral stents are the ideal
adequate hydration is necessary
high signal on T1-weighted images
high signal on T2-weighted images
low signal on T1-weighted images
none of the above
evaluation of probable ureteral obstruction
in conjunction with ureteroscopy
evaluation of hematuria
evaluation of probable ureterovesical reflux
ejaculatory duct
vas deferens
seminal vesicles
rectal wall
advanced prostatic cancer
central diabetes insipidus
pituitary adenoma
a & c
extension of the tumor to the diaphragm
extension of the tumor to the right atrium
the density of calcifications
the amount and bilaterality of cysts formation
take urine acidifiers
withhold metformin the day before the study and restart 48 hrs. later
get premedicated by steroids and antihistamines
decrease metformin dose and turn to insulin
small non-obstructive calculi might be missed at MRU performed for the evaluation of hematuria
in pediatrics, performing a dynamic contrast-enhanced imaging helps in evaluating crossing vessels in the setting of UPJ obstruction
the success of static-fluid MR urography depends on the presence of fluid within the urinary system regardless of renal function
MRU at 3T, carries the risk of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis
the classic blue dot sign
thick, short, edematous spermatic cord
absence of intratesticular blood flow
increased epididymal blood flow
epinephrine
atropine
hydrocortisone
antihistamine
forniceal rupture
drained renal pelvis
high urine output
acute obstruction