uncontrollable bleeding
incomplete removal of stones
pneumothorax
colonic perforation
B. incomplete removal of stones
stones in a solitary kidney
ureteral stones causing bilateral obstructions
a kidney stone of ≥ 2.5 cm in size
all of the above
piezoelectric
electrohydraulic
electromagnetic
microexplosive
spinal cord injury
senile enlargement of prostate
augmented bladder
neurogenic hyper-reflexive bladder
2 days
2 weeks
2 months
4 6 hrs.
a stone is fragmented when the force of the shockwaves overcomes the tensile strength of the stone
fragmentation occurs as a result of compressive and tensile forces, erosion, shearing, spalling, and cavitation
the generation of compressive and tensile forces and cavitation are thought to be the most important
all of the above
can be forgotten in place
vesico-renal reflux
calyceal perforation
detrusor irritability and/or hematuria
stones at posterior urethra could be pushed back to the bladder
stones at anterior urethra have to undergo a trial of milking out, using copious intra-urethral xylocaine gel
often respond to a two-week course of tamsulosin
respond to Holmium laser treatment
they are metabolic stones that form at high urinary pH
they score 800 1000 HU on CT
only 25% of affected patients have Gout disease
affected patients must stop eating animal protein
by performing intra-operative ultrasonography
by performing radial nephrotomies
by performing adjunct PCLN
by taking a scout KUB film
lithogenic anion to cation ratio
Randall cut off
saturation index
solubility product
it is characterized by low urinary magnesium and citrate
magnesium increases renal tubular citrate resorption
diarrheal is a remarkable side effect of magnesium therapy
potassium-magnesium preparations might restore urinary magnesium and citrate levels
commonly occur in patients with senile prostatic enlargement
common in children exposed to low-protein, low-phosphate diet
rarely recur after treatment
respond to ESWL
chemical analysis of a recovered stone
hypercalcemia
CT finding
high breakability on ESWL
oral potassium sodium hydrogen citrate granules
increase hydration
allopurinol
all of the above
commonly unilateral
commonly due to repeated infections
urate stones are the second most common cause of staghorn calculi
ESWL monotherapy with ureteral stenting is the ideal treatment
0 10%
10 20%
20 30%
30 40%
calcium phosphate
calcium oxalate monohydrate
sodium urate
2,8 dihydroxyadenine
ESWL
PCNL with fulguration of the diverticulum
ureteroscopy with fulguration of the diverticulum
pyelolithotomy with diverticulectomy
ciprofloxacin
indinavir
thiazides
triamterene
by lowering urinary saturation of Ca.oxalate
by preventing heterogeneous nucleation of Ca.oxalate
by inhibiting spontaneous precipitation and agglomeration of Ca.oxalate
by all of the above
matrix
indinavir
brushite
2,8 dihydroxyadenine
commoner in females than in males
in pediatrics, are of calcium oxalate and/or ammonium urate composition
caused by bladder outlet obstruction
might result in bladder cancer
obese patients have a higher tendency for uric acid stone formation
high-protein, low-carbohydrate diet might increase the risk of stone formation and bone loss
metabolic syndrome is associated with high urinary pH
Roux-en-Y-gastric bypass surgery may increase the risk for stone formation
hypertensive patient
patient on aspirin withheld 5 days prior to ESWL
a stone in a scared poorly functioning kidney
ESWL every other day
hypercalciuria and hypocitraturia
hypercalciuria and hypercitraturia
hypocalciuria and hypocitraturia
hypocalciuria and hypercitraturia
ESWL
PCNL
radial nephrolithotomy
pyelolithotomy with ureteral stenting
can be placed through perc. nephrostomy
might slip out, especially in females
usually radiopaque
all of the above
cystine
brushite
Ca.oxalate monohydrate
Ca.oxalate dihydrate
short skin-to-stone distance (SSD)
end-stage renal failure
a stone in the upper calyx
the presence of a 30 cm, 4.7 Fr ureteral stent in situ
they are mandatory when urine shows ≥ 10 WBCs/hpf in symptomatic patients
they aim at treating pyonephrosis and urosepsis
they should cover Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus, Enterobacter, Proteus, and Klebsiella species
All of the above