never
unlikely
likely
always
D. always
black individuals produce more PSA than whites
ejaculation can lead to a false decrease in PSA
pro-PSA is the serum proactive form of PSA molecule
prostate cancer cells make more PSA than normal prostate tissues do
thyroid gland
breast tissue
adrenal glands
renal carcinomas
prostate cancer
corpora amylacea
transitional zone
tuberculous prostatitis
never
unlikely
likely
always
bisphosphonate
docetaxel
sipuleucel-T
enzalutamide
¼
½
hypoxia and acidosis
tachycardia and tachypnea
bradycardia and hypotension
hypercarbia and oliguria
used to stage prostate cancer
a specimen of grade 3 + 4 is worse than 4 + 3
a sum of 6 suggests an intermediate risk for aggressive cancer
it has a role in guiding the appropriate treatment options
the prostate gland only
the central nervous system, intestine, and the prostate
malignant ovarian cysts, skeletal muscles, and the prostate
thyroid glands, adrenals, and the prostate
loss of one or both copies of the tumor suppressor gene PTEN
TMPRSS2ERG chromosome fusion
P53 mutations and overexpression of MYC
all of the above
cryotherapy
chemotherapy
brachytherapy
radical prostatectomy
is almost always due to direct extension (T2c)
it is involved in 85% of positive surgical margins following radical prostatectomy
it carries a poor prognosis
none of the above
disruption of protein synthesis
coagulative necrosis
cell wall destruction
DNA damage
lymph nodes, bone, lung, bladder, liver, and adrenal glands
bone, lung, lymph nodes, liver, bladder, and adrenal glands
lung, liver, lymph nodes, bone, adrenal glands, and bladder
liver, lung, bone, lymph nodes, bladder, and adrenal glands
a 12-core biopsy is the standard
in preparation for the procedure, a self-administered enema is suggested
sepsis might complicate the procedure
the biopsy path is best visualized in the coronal plane
72 yrs. man newly diagnosed BPH with normal DRE
2 weeks post TURP for obstructing cancerous prostate
screening for prostate cancer in 75 yrs. old Caucasian man
43 yrs. man with obstructive LUTS, who had a first-degree relative diagnosed with prostate cancer before age 65
periodic PSA testing
periodic TRUS
all of the above
none of the above
slow thawing is more effective than rapid thawing
the most common complication is erectile dysfunction
for effective thawing a minimum temperature of − 25° C and a double freeze/thaw cycle with urethral warming are recommended
the two most common modalities employed in focal therapy are highintensity focused ultrasound and cryosurgery
low risk
intermediate risk
high risk
data not adequate
imperfect prostate biopsies
immature teratoma
schistosomiasis
liposarcoma
PSA velocity of 0.35 ng/mL/y, when the PSA is ≤ 2.5 ng/mL
PSA velocity of 0.75 ng/mL/y, when the PSA is 4 10 ng/mL
t-PSA is 2.8 ng/mL, f-PSA 0.94 ng/mL
t-PSA is 3.7 ng/mL, f-PSA 0.51 ng/mL
benign glands are different from malignant glands, as they contain basal cells
adenosis in the transitional zone carries 15% increase in cancer risk
the prostate has no discrete histologic capsule
intraductal carcinoma is morphologically worse than high-grade PIN and is typically associated with high-grade carcinoma
incontinence
retrograde ejaculation
impotence
anejaculation
initially drop to nadir, and then recover over 2 weeks
decline by 50% within 2 weeks and then normalize
decline by 90% within 24 hours
decline by 70%
urethral stricture, impotence, and rectal bleeding
impotence, rectal bleeding, and urethral stricture
impotence, urethral stricture, and rectal bleeding
rectal bleeding, impotence, and urethral stricture
reduces positive surgical margins
reduces local recurrence
has no proven advantage
reduces cardiac complications
elevated LH, elevated testosterone, elevated estrogen
elevated LH, elevated testosterone, declined estrogen
declined LH, declined testosterone, elevated estrogen
declined LH, elevated testosterone, declined estrogen
seminal vesicle invasion and lymph node metastases
positive surgical margins and seminal vesicle involvement
capsular penetration and lymph node metastases
rectal and bladder neck involvement
decreased t-PSA but increased f-PSA
decreased t-PSA but unaltered f-PSA
decreased t-PSA and decreased f-PSA
any of the above
apex
posterior
postero-lateral
anterior