more than 30 mL/min/1.73 m2
more than 60 mL/min/1.73 m2
more than 90 mL/min/1.73 m2
none of the above
A. more than 30 mL/min/1.73 m2
hypoechoic
hyperechoic
anechoic
isoechoic
evaluation of probable ureteral obstruction
in conjunction with ureteroscopy
evaluation of hematuria
evaluation of probable ureterovesical reflux
DTPA
DMSA
gallium-67
MAG-3
end-stage renal failure kidneys look small and hypoechoic
it is more accurate on diagnosing cystic lesions than solid masses
it is able to detect tumors as small as 2 mm
cortical carbuncle might be mistaken for hydronephrosis
hydrocalicosis
extrarenal pelvis
parapelvic cyst
class 2 Bosniak renal cyst
using bladder scanner
measuring the voided urine
using abdominal ultrasonography
performing urinary catheterization
intratesticular hematoma
testicular abscess
orchitis
sex cord stromal tumors
high signal on T1-weighted images
high signal on T2-weighted images
low signal on T1-weighted images
none of the above
unilateral hydrocele
bilateral varicocele
calcifications at the renal area on plain KUB film
painless hematuria
reliable tool to exclude urinary calculi
calcifications at renal area might lead to the discovery of renal cancers
can detect soft tissues
fecoliths and phleboliths could be mistaken for calculi
small non-obstructive calculi might be missed at MRU performed for the evaluation of hematuria
in pediatrics, performing a dynamic contrast-enhanced imaging helps in evaluating crossing vessels in the setting of UPJ obstruction
the success of static-fluid MR urography depends on the presence of fluid within the urinary system regardless of renal function
MRU at 3T, carries the risk of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis
the classic blue dot sign
thick, short, edematous spermatic cord
absence of intratesticular blood flow
increased epididymal blood flow
embolizing the non-target artery might occur
severe pain at the renal area could occur
complications depend on the embolic agent
reactive left pulmonary edema
RCC
metastases
angiomyolipoma
oncocytoma
renal tuberculosis
renal abscess
renal cell carcinoma
angiomyolipoma
obstruction of the upper urinary tract may increase renal pelvis pressure and delay or decrease pelvis peristaltic rates
measured by color Doppler flow mapping in transverse scans at the suprapubic region
patients with ureteral stents are the ideal
adequate hydration is necessary
epinephrine
atropine
hydrocortisone
antihistamine
dark
intermediate
bright
none of the above
extension of the tumor to the diaphragm
extension of the tumor to the right atrium
the density of calcifications
the amount and bilaterality of cysts formation
MRI
CT
ultrasound
all are comparable
blood clot
fibro-epithelial polyp
sloughed renal papilla
all of the above
advanced prostatic cancer
central diabetes insipidus
pituitary adenoma
a & c
class 1
class 2
class 3
class 4
epididymal cysts
testicular tumors
renal stones
penile vasculature
evaluating a probable bladder rupture
evaluating a probable colovesical or vesicovaginal fistulae
evaluating a probable intravesical pathology
evaluating a probable bladder diverticula
mechanical waves
radar waves
microwaves
radio waves
prominent columns of Bertin
xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis
lymphoma
renal infarction
ejaculatory duct
vas deferens
seminal vesicles
rectal wall
hippuran I-131
technetium-99m
gallium-67
indium-111labelled WBC
an elimination T ½ < 10 minutes indicates obstructed system
the diuretic must be given at the maximum kidney activity
If ureteral stents are in place, the bladder catheter must be unclamped
99mTc-MAG3 is the agent of choice to study differential renal function and obstruction