Proteus mirabilis
E. coli
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Staphylococcus epidermidis
D. Staphylococcus epidermidis
stones at posterior urethra could be pushed back to the bladder
stones at anterior urethra have to undergo a trial of milking out, using copious intra-urethral xylocaine gel
often respond to a two-week course of tamsulosin
respond to Holmium laser treatment
they are mandatory when urine shows ≥ 10 WBCs/hpf in symptomatic patients
they aim at treating pyonephrosis and urosepsis
they should cover Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus, Enterobacter, Proteus, and Klebsiella species
All of the above
watchful waiting
open surgical correction
IVU with possible endoscopic ureteral stenting
perc. nephrostomy tube insertion
impaired renal tubular calcium reabsorption
excessive glomerular leak of calcium
deficiency of the enzyme xanthine oxidase
hypercalcemia
dehydration
metabolic disorders
congenital anomalies
all of the above
piezoelectric
electrohydraulic
electromagnetic
microexplosive
Klebsiella pneumonia
Morganella morganii
Proteus mirabilis
all of the above
can be introduced from the bladder or kidney or any part of the ureter`s course
the standard adult size is 32 cm long, 4 mm calibre
might result in encrustations and ureteral obstruction
might result in ureteral dilation
anterior lower pole calyx
posterior lower pole calyx
anterior upper pole calyx
posterior upper pole calyx
patients should be given large amounts of fluids to hasten stones passage
fluids are given to keep the patient well hydrated
the recommended regimen is 2 L of ringer lactate over 2 hours
fluids are contraindicated if desmopressin (DDAVP) was given
cystine
brushite
Ca.oxalate monohydrate
Ca.oxalate dihydrate
≥ 2 cm diameter
upper calyx location
Na.urate composition
600 - 800 HU density
localization of stones in the ureter is difficult or impossible
inability to visualize stones breaking down in real time
c. patient`s position on ESWL table is uncomfortable
d. inability to visualize radiolucent stones
stone chemical composition
stone burden
first stone vs. recurrent
stone density
form due to inspissated smegma
form due to stasis of urinary salts
cause inguinal lymphadenopathy
often associated with phimosis in uncircumcised males
short and wide infundibulum
large lower-pole infundibulo-pelvic angle
the adjunct usage of PCNL
all of the above
classical nucleation theory
heterogeneous nucleation
suspension solution
concentric lamination
stones in a solitary kidney
ureteral stones causing bilateral obstructions
a kidney stone of ≥ 2.5 cm in size
all of the above
chemical analysis of a recovered stone
hypercalcemia
CT finding
high breakability on ESWL
to stent the ureter after ureteral surgery
to facilitate stone passage
after a tough ureteroscopy procedure
all of the above
terminal ilium resection
liver transplantation
kidney transplantation
regular hemodialysis
obese patients have a higher tendency for uric acid stone formation
high-protein, low-carbohydrate diet might increase the risk of stone formation and bone loss
metabolic syndrome is associated with high urinary pH
Roux-en-Y-gastric bypass surgery may increase the risk for stone formation
when stones are multiple and/or recurrent
when stones form in childhood
in cases where nephrocalcinosis and urolithiasis are present
all of the above
400 600 HU
600 800 HU
800 1000 HU
1000 1200 HU
Kock pouch
Neobladder-to-urethra diversion
Florida pouch
Indiana pouch
blood cells more than pus cells
pus cells if infection was superadded
crystals might appear
all of the above
it is characterized by low urinary magnesium and citrate
magnesium increases renal tubular citrate resorption
diarrheal is a remarkable side effect of magnesium therapy
potassium-magnesium preparations might restore urinary magnesium and citrate levels
Ca.phosphate
Ca.oxalate
Na.urate
struvite
Proteus mirabilis
E. coli
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Staphylococcus epidermidis
orthophosphates may have a role in the treatment
hyperparathyroidectomy and levothyroxine replacement is the optimum treatment
management includes Calcium chelating agent and repeat 24hr urine collection in 3 months
surgical excision of the adenoma(s) is the treatment of choice