chemical analysis of a recovered stone
hypercalcemia
CT finding
high breakability on ESWL
A. chemical analysis of a recovered stone
stones in a solitary kidney
ureteral stones causing bilateral obstructions
a kidney stone of ≥ 2.5 cm in size
all of the above
lithogenic anion to cation ratio
Randall cut off
saturation index
solubility product
calcium monohydrate
calcium oxalate
ammonium urate
none of the above
is symptomless
should undergo a trial of milking out
diverticulectomy and stone extraction is the treatment of choice
ESWL is the preferred treatment option
active UTI is an absolute contraindication
fluoroquinolone is the first choice for antimicrobial prophylaxis
withholding aspirin for only 10 days is enough
despite sterile urine, stone fragmentation might release hidden bacterial endotoxins and viable bacteria
blood cells more than pus cells
pus cells if infection was superadded
crystals might appear
all of the above
stone size
unrelieved obstruction
infection and septicemia
recurrent stone formation
Klebsiella pneumonia
Morganella morganii
Proteus mirabilis
all of the above
Ca.phosphate
Ca.oxalate
Na.urate
struvite
ESWL
PCNL with fulguration of the diverticulum
ureteroscopy with fulguration of the diverticulum
pyelolithotomy with diverticulectomy
calcium phosphate
calcium oxalate monohydrate
sodium urate
2,8 dihydroxyadenine
uncontrollable bleeding
incomplete removal of stones
pneumothorax
colonic perforation
a stone in the lower calyx with a wide mouth of infundibulum and obtuse lower calyx to ureter angle
a stone in an anterior group calyceal diverticulum with thin overlying renal parenchyma
5 mm calcium-containing stone in an intrarenal pelvis and wide UPJ
6 years post anatrophic nephrolithotomy, recurrent mid calyceal stone
stone chemical composition
stone burden
first stone vs. recurrent
stone density
Proteus mirabilis
E. coli
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Staphylococcus epidermidis
ESWL
PCNL
radial nephrolithotomy
pyelolithotomy with ureteral stenting
2,8 dihydroxyadenine stones
sulfa medications-induced stones
calcium oxalate stones
matrix stones
Tumor lysis syndrome
hypoparathyroidism
myeloproliferative disorder
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome
the preferred access into the collecting system is through a posterior calyx
the posterior calyceal group is typically more medial than in the normal kidney
in most cases the lower pole calyces are posterior
it is desirable to make an upper pole collecting system puncture
xanthine
ammonium urate
cystine
calcium oxalate dihydrate
anterior lower pole calyx
posterior lower pole calyx
anterior upper pole calyx
posterior upper pole calyx
transitional epithelium lining minor calyces
transitional epithelium lining major calyces
basement membrane of the loops of Henle
papillary tips of polar pyramids
indinavir
magnesium ammonium phosphate
xanthine
matrix
classical nucleation theory
heterogeneous nucleation
suspension solution
concentric lamination
by ensuring optimal coupling of the patient to the lithotripter
by running the treatment at a slower rate (60 shocks/min)
by running the treatment with general anesthesia
by all of the above
patients should be given large amounts of fluids to hasten stones passage
fluids are given to keep the patient well hydrated
the recommended regimen is 2 L of ringer lactate over 2 hours
fluids are contraindicated if desmopressin (DDAVP) was given
can be forgotten in place
vesico-renal reflux
calyceal perforation
detrusor irritability and/or hematuria
steinstrasse
a stone in ureterocele
fever, leucocytosis, pain
brushite stones
physiological saline 0.9%
glycine 1.5%
balanced salt solution
distilled water
formation of triple-phosphate stones
infection with Proteus species
increase production of endogenous uric acid
increase level of uric acid in THE blood