is symptomless
should undergo a trial of milking out
diverticulectomy and stone extraction is the treatment of choice
ESWL is the preferred treatment option
C. diverticulectomy and stone extraction is the treatment of choice
α-Mercaptopropionylglycine
d-Penicillamine
a & b
none of the above
often need sedation or anesthesia
vesico-ureteral reflux must be excluded
pediatrics have a higher clearance rate of stones when compared to adults
safety measures must be taken to avoid lung contusions
classical nucleation theory
heterogeneous nucleation
suspension solution
concentric lamination
frequently caused by loop diuretics
stones are often radiolucent
may be reversed by the use of thiazides
low calcium-to-creatinine ratio predicts stones resolution
xanthine
ammonium urate
cystine
calcium oxalate dihydrate
≥ 2 cm diameter
upper calyx location
Na.urate composition
600 - 800 HU density
hypertensive patient
patient on aspirin withheld 5 days prior to ESWL
a stone in a scared poorly functioning kidney
ESWL every other day
form due to inspissated smegma
form due to stasis of urinary salts
cause inguinal lymphadenopathy
often associated with phimosis in uncircumcised males
a stone is fragmented when the force of the shockwaves overcomes the tensile strength of the stone
fragmentation occurs as a result of compressive and tensile forces, erosion, shearing, spalling, and cavitation
the generation of compressive and tensile forces and cavitation are thought to be the most important
all of the above
renal stones are found in 20% of patients with primary HPT
acidic arrest promotes crystallisation of calcium phosphate stones related to HPT
HPT, vitamin D excess, and malignancy could lead to hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria
only surgery can cure primary HPT
the energy density of the shock waves as they pass through the skin
the size of the focal point
a & b
none of the above
ciprofloxacin
indinavir
thiazides
triamterene
indinavir
magnesium ammonium phosphate
xanthine
matrix
a stone in the lower calyx with a wide mouth of infundibulum and obtuse lower calyx to ureter angle
a stone in an anterior group calyceal diverticulum with thin overlying renal parenchyma
5 mm calcium-containing stone in an intrarenal pelvis and wide UPJ
6 years post anatrophic nephrolithotomy, recurrent mid calyceal stone
when stones are multiple and/or recurrent
when stones form in childhood
in cases where nephrocalcinosis and urolithiasis are present
all of the above
3 6 %
12 15 %
0.4 0.8 %
0.09 0.14 %
it causes reduction in the mean intra-ureteral pressure
it reduces the pain of acute renal colic
it has a direct relaxing effect on the renal pelvis and ureteral musculature
it is indicated when stones are ≤ 4 mm in diameter
renal insufficiency
active urinary tract infection
uncorrected bleeding disorder
third trimester pregnancy
formation of triple-phosphate stones
infection with Proteus species
increase production of endogenous uric acid
increase level of uric acid in THE blood
spinal cord injury
senile enlargement of prostate
augmented bladder
neurogenic hyper-reflexive bladder
they are multiple and small in size
usually, they are voided spontaneously
they, rarely, form large stones within the peripheral zone
contrast CT is the conventional method for diagnosis
0 10%
10 20%
20 30%
30 40%
stone size of ≤ 4 mm
stone burden of ≥ 22 mm
there is a distal partial obstruction
the patient has end-stage renal failure
piezoelectric
electrohydraulic
electromagnetic
microexplosive
Proteus mirabilis
E. coli
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Staphylococcus epidermidis
have diagnostic hexagonal crystals
dont respond to ESWL therapy
are highly soluble in water
inherited in an autosomal recessive fashion
upper, lower, mid
lower, upper, mid
mid, upper, lower
mid, lower, upper
active UTI is an absolute contraindication
fluoroquinolone is the first choice for antimicrobial prophylaxis
withholding aspirin for only 10 days is enough
despite sterile urine, stone fragmentation might release hidden bacterial endotoxins and viable bacteria
lithogenic anion to cation ratio
Randall cut off
saturation index
solubility product
short and wide infundibulum
large lower-pole infundibulo-pelvic angle
the adjunct usage of PCNL
all of the above