What risk factor(s) promote(s) stone formation?
dehydration
metabolic disorders
congenital anomalies
all of the above
Correct Answer :
A. dehydration
self-explanatory.
Related Questions
What is the incidence risk of ureteral strictures following ureteroscopy?
3 6 %
12 15 %
0.4 0.8 %
0.09 0.14 %
Why do patients with cystic fibrosis form stones?
because urine and body secretions are highly concentrated
due to renal leak hypercalciuria
as a result of distal renal tubular acidosis type I
because of reduced or absent of oxalobacter formigenes colonization
What does nephrocalcin do?
dissolves cystine stones
enhances nephrocalcinosis process over old scared areas
inhibits Ca.oxalate aggregation and crystallization
plays a secondary role in metastatic calcification process
What is the favorable stone characteristic for ESWL treatment?
1000 - 1300 HU density
5 - 10 mm diameter
lower calyx location
mid ureteral location
What is the treatment of choice for a 15 mm stone in the lower calyx with a narrow infundibulum?
ESWL
PCNL
radial nephrolithotomy
pyelolithotomy with ureteral stenting
Which of the following bacteria split urea?
Klebsiella pneumonia
Morganella morganii
Proteus mirabilis
all of the above
Expectant therapy for ureteral stones is indicated when:
stone size of ≤ 4 mm
stone burden of ≥ 22 mm
there is a distal partial obstruction
the patient has end-stage renal failure
What bowel surgery could result in enteric hyperoxaluria?
right hemicolectomy
small bowel resection
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass
b & c
What sequence of ureteral parts represents the most to least favorable stone response to ESWL treatment?
upper, lower, mid
lower, upper, mid
mid, upper, lower
mid, lower, upper
What is the preferred entry point into the collecting system for PCNL for a 2.4 cm renal pelvis stone?
anterior lower pole calyx
posterior lower pole calyx
anterior upper pole calyx
posterior upper pole calyx
What is the immediate management of ureteral avulsion on retrieving an upper ureteral stone by a basket?
placement of a percutaneous nephrostomy drain
surgical exploration and primary repair
conservative management
endoscopic retrograde ureteral stenting
ESWL in pediatric patients is characterized by all of the following, EXCEPT:
often need sedation or anesthesia
vesico-ureteral reflux must be excluded
pediatrics have a higher clearance rate of stones when compared to adults
safety measures must be taken to avoid lung contusions
What stone is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait?
xanthine
ammonium urate
cystine
calcium oxalate dihydrate
What is false concerning patient`s preparation for PCNL?
active UTI is an absolute contraindication
fluoroquinolone is the first choice for antimicrobial prophylaxis
withholding aspirin for only 10 days is enough
despite sterile urine, stone fragmentation might release hidden bacterial endotoxins and viable bacteria
What is the principal defect in renal hypercalciuria?
impaired renal tubular calcium reabsorption
excessive glomerular leak of calcium
deficiency of the enzyme xanthine oxidase
hypercalcemia
What is the Hounsfield density range of uric acid stones?
400 600 HU
600 800 HU
800 1000 HU
1000 1200 HU
What are the expected findings on urinalysis in patients with acute renal colic?
blood cells more than pus cells
pus cells if infection was superadded
crystals might appear
all of the above
Which of the following dietary advice is recommended for Ca.oxalate stone formers?
limit beef, chicken, pork, eggs, fish, shellfish, and other animal proteins
limit beans, nuts, chocolate, coffee, dark green vegetables, and soda
limit canned, packaged, and fast foods
limit milk, cheese, and other dairy products
What congenital anomaly is unlikely to result in stone formation?
left ureterocele
bifid right renal pelvis
neurogenic bladder
bilateral UPJ stenosis
What is the unfavorable stone characteristic for a rigid URS treatment?
size of 5 mm
location at the lower calyx
density of 400 HU
being recurrent
What is true concerning primary hyperparathyroidism and stone formation?
orthophosphates may have a role in the treatment
hyperparathyroidectomy and levothyroxine replacement is the optimum treatment
management includes Calcium chelating agent and repeat 24hr urine collection in 3 months
surgical excision of the adenoma(s) is the treatment of choice
What is false concerning primary bladder stones?
commoner in females than in males
in pediatrics, are of calcium oxalate and/or ammonium urate composition
caused by bladder outlet obstruction
might result in bladder cancer
What is true concerning uric acid stones?
they are metabolic stones that form at high urinary pH
they score 800 1000 HU on CT
only 25% of affected patients have Gout disease
affected patients must stop eating animal protein
What is false concerning primary bladder stones?
commonly occur in patients with senile prostatic enlargement
common in children exposed to low-protein, low-phosphate diet
rarely recur after treatment
respond to ESWL
Which of the following is a relative contra-indication to ESWL?
renal insufficiency
active urinary tract infection
uncorrected bleeding disorder
third trimester pregnancy
What risk factor(s) promote(s) stone formation?
dehydration
metabolic disorders
congenital anomalies
all of the above
What is false concerning struvite stones?
the commonest to form staghorn giant calculi
formed by urease producing bacteria
antibiotics have a role in the treatment
form at the two extremes of urinary pH range
What is the most appropriate antibiotic class for prophylaxis before urologic surgery?
aminoglycosides
macrolides
cephalosporins
fluoroquinolones
What is (are) the indication(s) of ureteral stenting before ESWL?
stones in a solitary kidney
ureteral stones causing bilateral obstructions
a kidney stone of ≥ 2.5 cm in size
all of the above
What is false concerning neonatal nephrolithiasis?
frequently caused by loop diuretics
stones are often radiolucent
may be reversed by the use of thiazides
low calcium-to-creatinine ratio predicts stones resolution