take urine acidifiers
withhold metformin the day before the study and restart 48 hrs. later
get premedicated by steroids and antihistamines
decrease metformin dose and turn to insulin
B. withhold metformin the day before the study and restart 48 hrs. later
renal tuberculosis
renal abscess
renal cell carcinoma
angiomyolipoma
seminoma
embryonal cell tumor
mixed germ cell tumor
epidermoid cyst
evaluating a probable bladder rupture
evaluating a probable colovesical or vesicovaginal fistulae
evaluating a probable intravesical pathology
evaluating a probable bladder diverticula
diseases affecting the proximal convoluted tubules inhibit DMSA uptake
it is ideal to assess UPJ obstruction in adults
gentamicin and cisplatin inhibit the DMSA uptake
it allows better assessment of differential renal function
embolizing the non-target artery might occur
severe pain at the renal area could occur
complications depend on the embolic agent
reactive left pulmonary edema
DTPA provides better quality images with renal insufficiency
by giving captopril, MAG3 plasma clearance declines in hypertensive patients with renal artery stenosis but rises in those who do not have the disease
DTPA provides an excellent measurement of GFR
in pediatrics, MAG3 provides better quality images than DTPA
non-seminomatous germ cell tumors
acute bleed on top of old hematoma
mature teratoma
sex cord stromal tumors
advanced prostatic cancer
central diabetes insipidus
pituitary adenoma
a & c
dark
intermediate
bright
none of the above
preparation for donor nephrectomy
advanced RCC in the right kidney
renal artery stenosis
oncocytoma in the left kidney
bleeding angiomyolipomas
an alternative to nephrectomy in severe uncontrolled hypertension among patients with end-stage renal disease
renal artery aneurysms or symptomatic AV malformations
all of the above
malunion of lumbar and/or sacral vertebral bodies
pelvic bone diastasis
sacral agenesis
fracture of anterior pubic rami
grey-scale
simultaneous bilateral views
color Doppler
power Doppler
class 1
class 2
class 3
class 4
blood clot
fibro-epithelial polyp
sloughed renal papilla
all of the above
an elimination T ½ < 10 minutes indicates obstructed system
the diuretic must be given at the maximum kidney activity
If ureteral stents are in place, the bladder catheter must be unclamped
99mTc-MAG3 is the agent of choice to study differential renal function and obstruction
forniceal rupture
drained renal pelvis
high urine output
acute obstruction
nuclear medicine
ultrasonography
X-ray fluoroscopy
intravenous urography
air
water
fat
bone
0 minute
5 minutes
10 minutes
renal parenchyma does not appear on IVU
DTPA
DMSA
gallium-67
MAG-3
reliable tool to exclude urinary calculi
calcifications at renal area might lead to the discovery of renal cancers
can detect soft tissues
fecoliths and phleboliths could be mistaken for calculi
epididymal cysts
testicular tumors
renal stones
penile vasculature
more than 30 mL/min/1.73 m2
more than 60 mL/min/1.73 m2
more than 90 mL/min/1.73 m2
none of the above
repeated febrile UTI in children
evaluating a probable posterior urethral valve
a & b
none of the above
hippuran I-131
technetium-99m
gallium-67
indium-111labelled WBC
hyperechoic
hypoechoic
isoechoic
anechoic
The higher the frequency, the deeper tissue penetration
The higher the frequency, the better the axial resolution
low-frequency transducers are of 6 to 10 MHz
the deeper tissue penetration, the better axial resolution
the classic blue dot sign
thick, short, edematous spermatic cord
absence of intratesticular blood flow
increased epididymal blood flow
small non-obstructive calculi might be missed at MRU performed for the evaluation of hematuria
in pediatrics, performing a dynamic contrast-enhanced imaging helps in evaluating crossing vessels in the setting of UPJ obstruction
the success of static-fluid MR urography depends on the presence of fluid within the urinary system regardless of renal function
MRU at 3T, carries the risk of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis