transitional epithelium lining minor calyces
transitional epithelium lining major calyces
basement membrane of the loops of Henle
papillary tips of polar pyramids
C. basement membrane of the loops of Henle
calcium monohydrate
calcium oxalate
ammonium urate
none of the above
2,8 dihydroxyadenine stones
sulfa medications-induced stones
calcium oxalate stones
matrix stones
dehydration
metabolic disorders
congenital anomalies
all of the above
anterior lower pole calyx
posterior lower pole calyx
anterior upper pole calyx
posterior upper pole calyx
renal stones are found in 20% of patients with primary HPT
acidic arrest promotes crystallisation of calcium phosphate stones related to HPT
HPT, vitamin D excess, and malignancy could lead to hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria
only surgery can cure primary HPT
have diagnostic hexagonal crystals
dont respond to ESWL therapy
are highly soluble in water
inherited in an autosomal recessive fashion
chemical analysis of a recovered stone
hypercalcemia
CT finding
high breakability on ESWL
best treated by total parathyroidectomy
first-time stone formers are at a 50% risk for recurrence
males have higher recurrence rate than females
stone formers produce stones of the same type every time
the preferred access into the collecting system is through a posterior calyx
the posterior calyceal group is typically more medial than in the normal kidney
in most cases the lower pole calyces are posterior
it is desirable to make an upper pole collecting system puncture
oral potassium sodium hydrogen citrate granules
increase hydration
allopurinol
all of the above
a stone is fragmented when the force of the shockwaves overcomes the tensile strength of the stone
fragmentation occurs as a result of compressive and tensile forces, erosion, shearing, spalling, and cavitation
the generation of compressive and tensile forces and cavitation are thought to be the most important
all of the above
commoner in females than in males
in pediatrics, are of calcium oxalate and/or ammonium urate composition
caused by bladder outlet obstruction
might result in bladder cancer
cystine
brushite
Ca.oxalate monohydrate
Ca.oxalate dihydrate
transitional epithelium lining minor calyces
transitional epithelium lining major calyces
basement membrane of the loops of Henle
papillary tips of polar pyramids
size of 5 mm
location at the lower calyx
density of 400 HU
being recurrent
watchful waiting
open surgical correction
IVU with possible endoscopic ureteral stenting
perc. nephrostomy tube insertion
α-Mercaptopropionylglycine
d-Penicillamine
a & b
none of the above
obese patients have a higher tendency for uric acid stone formation
high-protein, low-carbohydrate diet might increase the risk of stone formation and bone loss
metabolic syndrome is associated with high urinary pH
Roux-en-Y-gastric bypass surgery may increase the risk for stone formation
patients should be given large amounts of fluids to hasten stones passage
fluids are given to keep the patient well hydrated
the recommended regimen is 2 L of ringer lactate over 2 hours
fluids are contraindicated if desmopressin (DDAVP) was given
right hemicolectomy
small bowel resection
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass
b & c
can be placed through perc. nephrostomy
might slip out, especially in females
usually radiopaque
all of the above
limit beef, chicken, pork, eggs, fish, shellfish, and other animal proteins
limit beans, nuts, chocolate, coffee, dark green vegetables, and soda
limit canned, packaged, and fast foods
limit milk, cheese, and other dairy products
Ca.oxalate, Ca.phosphate, Na.urate, cystine
Ca.phosphate, Ca.oxalate, cystine, Na.urate
Ca.oxalate, Ca.phosphate, cystine, Na.urate
Ca.phosphate, Ca.oxalate, Na.urate, cystine
α-Mercaptopropionylglycine
acetohydroxamic acid
carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
xanthine oxidase inhibitors
aminoglycosides
macrolides
cephalosporins
fluoroquinolones
stones in a solitary kidney
ureteral stones causing bilateral obstructions
a kidney stone of ≥ 2.5 cm in size
all of the above
placement of a percutaneous nephrostomy drain
surgical exploration and primary repair
conservative management
endoscopic retrograde ureteral stenting
ESWL
PCNL
radial nephrolithotomy
pyelolithotomy with ureteral stenting
it causes reduction in the mean intra-ureteral pressure
it reduces the pain of acute renal colic
it has a direct relaxing effect on the renal pelvis and ureteral musculature
it is indicated when stones are ≤ 4 mm in diameter
Klebsiella pneumonia
Morganella morganii
Proteus mirabilis
all of the above