blood clot
fibro-epithelial polyp
sloughed renal papilla
all of the above
D. all of the above
blood clot
fibro-epithelial polyp
sloughed renal papilla
all of the above
reliable tool to exclude urinary calculi
calcifications at renal area might lead to the discovery of renal cancers
can detect soft tissues
fecoliths and phleboliths could be mistaken for calculi
to evaluate ejaculatory duct obstruction in infertility case
to screen for prostate cancers
to take prostate biopsies
to place interstitial radiotherapy seeds
nuclear medicine
ultrasonography
X-ray fluoroscopy
intravenous urography
epididymal cysts
testicular tumors
renal stones
penile vasculature
embolizing the non-target artery might occur
severe pain at the renal area could occur
complications depend on the embolic agent
reactive left pulmonary edema
air
water
fat
bone
class 1
class 2
class 3
class 4
coning at the bulbar urethra is normal
segmental narrowing at bulbar urethra is normal
multiple round filling defects could be air bubbles
indicated in urethral trauma cases
RCC
metastases
angiomyolipoma
oncocytoma
mechanical waves
radar waves
microwaves
radio waves
evaluation of probable ureteral obstruction
in conjunction with ureteroscopy
evaluation of hematuria
evaluation of probable ureterovesical reflux
hippuran I-131
technetium-99m
gallium-67
indium-111labelled WBC
hydrocalicosis
extrarenal pelvis
parapelvic cyst
class 2 Bosniak renal cyst
DTPA
DMSA
gallium-67
MAG-3
MRI
CT
ultrasound
all are comparable
Its uptake by glomerular filtration is almost 100%
It helps evaluate cortical structure and morphology
It provides a static picture of kidneys when compared to MAG3
it binds to the sulfhydryl groups in proximal tubules resulting in much higher resolution pinhole SPECT imaging
grey-scale
simultaneous bilateral views
color Doppler
power Doppler
peripheral zone of the prostate
ejaculatory duct
tip of the right seminal vesicle
tip of the left lateral lobe of the prostate
the classic blue dot sign
thick, short, edematous spermatic cord
absence of intratesticular blood flow
increased epididymal blood flow
can be mistaken for a ureteral stone
is a small single, usually spiky, calcification within a vein
the amount of phleboliths increases with age
appears more often on the left than on the right side of the pelvis
renal tuberculosis
renal abscess
renal cell carcinoma
angiomyolipoma
hypoechoic
hyperechoic
anechoic
isoechoic
hyperechoic
hypoechoic
isoechoic
anechoic
small non-obstructive calculi might be missed at MRU performed for the evaluation of hematuria
in pediatrics, performing a dynamic contrast-enhanced imaging helps in evaluating crossing vessels in the setting of UPJ obstruction
the success of static-fluid MR urography depends on the presence of fluid within the urinary system regardless of renal function
MRU at 3T, carries the risk of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis
non-seminomatous germ cell tumors
acute bleed on top of old hematoma
mature teratoma
sex cord stromal tumors
bleeding angiomyolipomas
an alternative to nephrectomy in severe uncontrolled hypertension among patients with end-stage renal disease
renal artery aneurysms or symptomatic AV malformations
all of the above
diseases affecting the proximal convoluted tubules inhibit DMSA uptake
it is ideal to assess UPJ obstruction in adults
gentamicin and cisplatin inhibit the DMSA uptake
it allows better assessment of differential renal function
prominent columns of Bertin
xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis
lymphoma
renal infarction
preparation for donor nephrectomy
advanced RCC in the right kidney
renal artery stenosis
oncocytoma in the left kidney