pathologic tumor stage
performing nerve-sparing surgery
patient`s age
performing internal sphincter micro-dissection
C. patient`s age
apex
posterior
postero-lateral
anterior
variants in the 8q24 region on chromosome 8, in sporadic cases
alterations on chromosome 1, chromosome 17, and the X chromosome, in some familial cases
the human prostate cancer gene is on the X chromosome
all are true
normal DRE, abnormal PSA
abnormal DRE, abnormal PSA
abnormal DRE, normal PSA
hyperechoic areas on TRUS
pathologic tumor stage
performing nerve-sparing surgery
patient`s age
performing internal sphincter micro-dissection
elevated LH, elevated testosterone, elevated estrogen
elevated LH, elevated testosterone, declined estrogen
declined LH, declined testosterone, elevated estrogen
declined LH, elevated testosterone, declined estrogen
incontinence
retrograde ejaculation
impotence
anejaculation
4, 2 respectively
8, 5 respectively
6, 3 respectively
7, 4 respectively
never
unlikely
likely
always
the number of freezing cycles
the lowest temperature achieved
the existence of regional heat sinks
all of the above
the prostate gland only
the central nervous system, intestine, and the prostate
malignant ovarian cysts, skeletal muscles, and the prostate
thyroid glands, adrenals, and the prostate
patients who have a life expectancy ≤ 10 yrs. and/or well to moderately differentiated cancer
≥ 70 yrs. of age
PSA < 10 ng/mL, ratio < 0.22
patients with good performance status
black individuals produce more PSA than whites
ejaculation can lead to a false decrease in PSA
pro-PSA is the serum proactive form of PSA molecule
prostate cancer cells make more PSA than normal prostate tissues do
preoperative clinical stage, PSA level, and Gleason sum
seminal vesicle invasion, lymph node metastases, and Gleason sum
positive surgical margins, capsular penetration, and PSA level
PSA level, perineural invasion, vascular metastasis, and Gleason sum
¼
½
never
unlikely
likely
always
benign glands are different from malignant glands, as they contain basal cells
adenosis in the transitional zone carries 15% increase in cancer risk
the prostate has no discrete histologic capsule
intraductal carcinoma is morphologically worse than high-grade PIN and is typically associated with high-grade carcinoma
72 yrs. man newly diagnosed BPH with normal DRE
2 weeks post TURP for obstructing cancerous prostate
screening for prostate cancer in 75 yrs. old Caucasian man
43 yrs. man with obstructive LUTS, who had a first-degree relative diagnosed with prostate cancer before age 65
seminal vesicle invasion and lymph node metastases
positive surgical margins and seminal vesicle involvement
capsular penetration and lymph node metastases
rectal and bladder neck involvement
bisphosphonate
docetaxel
sipuleucel-T
enzalutamide
a low score means the cancer tissue is similar to normal prostate tissue
it indicates how likely the tumor will spread
the more cellular atypia observed the higher scoring will be
it relies only on the glandular architectural pattern
imperfect prostate biopsies
immature teratoma
schistosomiasis
liposarcoma
entails a genetic analysis of cells in the voided urine
urine sample is collected after a firm massage of the prostate
helps screen patients who are at intermediate risk of cancer
helps avoid the inconvenience of prostate biopsy
cryotherapy
chemotherapy
brachytherapy
radical prostatectomy
thyroid gland
breast tissue
adrenal glands
renal carcinomas
most cases are identified by screening asymptomatic men
physical examination alone cannot reliably differentiate benign prostatic conditions from cancer
most diagnosed cases have normal DRE and PSA values
prostate biopsy establishes the diagnosis
GnRH agonists
antiandrogens
antimicrotubular
bisphosphonates
periodic PSA testing
periodic TRUS
all of the above
none of the above
decreased t-PSA but increased f-PSA
decreased t-PSA but unaltered f-PSA
decreased t-PSA and decreased f-PSA
any of the above
temporary incontinence
vasculogenic impotence
urinary retention
hyper-reflexive detrusor
PSA
digital rectal examination
transrectal ultrasonography
human kallikrein 2