repeated febrile UTI in children
evaluating a probable posterior urethral valve
a & b
none of the above
C. a & b
end-stage renal failure kidneys look small and hypoechoic
it is more accurate on diagnosing cystic lesions than solid masses
it is able to detect tumors as small as 2 mm
cortical carbuncle might be mistaken for hydronephrosis
hyperechoic
hypoechoic
isoechoic
anechoic
reliable tool to exclude urinary calculi
calcifications at renal area might lead to the discovery of renal cancers
can detect soft tissues
fecoliths and phleboliths could be mistaken for calculi
hippuran I-131
technetium-99m
gallium-67
indium-111labelled WBC
repeated febrile UTI in children
evaluating a probable posterior urethral valve
a & b
none of the above
The higher the frequency, the deeper tissue penetration
The higher the frequency, the better the axial resolution
low-frequency transducers are of 6 to 10 MHz
the deeper tissue penetration, the better axial resolution
an elimination T ½ < 10 minutes indicates obstructed system
the diuretic must be given at the maximum kidney activity
If ureteral stents are in place, the bladder catheter must be unclamped
99mTc-MAG3 is the agent of choice to study differential renal function and obstruction
non-seminomatous germ cell tumors
acute bleed on top of old hematoma
mature teratoma
sex cord stromal tumors
advanced prostatic cancer
central diabetes insipidus
pituitary adenoma
a & c
evaluating a probable bladder rupture
evaluating a probable colovesical or vesicovaginal fistulae
evaluating a probable intravesical pathology
evaluating a probable bladder diverticula
class 1
class 2
class 3
class 4
renal tuberculosis
renal abscess
renal cell carcinoma
angiomyolipoma
evaluation of probable ureteral obstruction
in conjunction with ureteroscopy
evaluation of hematuria
evaluation of probable ureterovesical reflux
blood clot
fibro-epithelial polyp
sloughed renal papilla
all of the above
take urine acidifiers
withhold metformin the day before the study and restart 48 hrs. later
get premedicated by steroids and antihistamines
decrease metformin dose and turn to insulin
nuclear medicine
ultrasonography
X-ray fluoroscopy
intravenous urography
peripheral zone of the prostate
ejaculatory duct
tip of the right seminal vesicle
tip of the left lateral lobe of the prostate
prominent columns of Bertin
xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis
lymphoma
renal infarction
more than 30 mL/min/1.73 m2
more than 60 mL/min/1.73 m2
more than 90 mL/min/1.73 m2
none of the above
extension of the tumor to the diaphragm
extension of the tumor to the right atrium
the density of calcifications
the amount and bilaterality of cysts formation
intratesticular hematoma
testicular abscess
orchitis
sex cord stromal tumors
high signal on T1-weighted images
high signal on T2-weighted images
low signal on T1-weighted images
none of the above
DTPA
DMSA
gallium-67
MAG-3
ejaculatory duct
vas deferens
seminal vesicles
rectal wall
bleeding angiomyolipomas
an alternative to nephrectomy in severe uncontrolled hypertension among patients with end-stage renal disease
renal artery aneurysms or symptomatic AV malformations
all of the above
preparation for donor nephrectomy
advanced RCC in the right kidney
renal artery stenosis
oncocytoma in the left kidney
hydrocalicosis
extrarenal pelvis
parapelvic cyst
class 2 Bosniak renal cyst
obstruction of the upper urinary tract may increase renal pelvis pressure and delay or decrease pelvis peristaltic rates
measured by color Doppler flow mapping in transverse scans at the suprapubic region
patients with ureteral stents are the ideal
adequate hydration is necessary
small non-obstructive calculi might be missed at MRU performed for the evaluation of hematuria
in pediatrics, performing a dynamic contrast-enhanced imaging helps in evaluating crossing vessels in the setting of UPJ obstruction
the success of static-fluid MR urography depends on the presence of fluid within the urinary system regardless of renal function
MRU at 3T, carries the risk of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis
seminoma
embryonal cell tumor
mixed germ cell tumor
epidermoid cyst