coning at the bulbar urethra is normal
segmental narrowing at bulbar urethra is normal
multiple round filling defects could be air bubbles
indicated in urethral trauma cases
B. segmental narrowing at bulbar urethra is normal
RCC
metastases
angiomyolipoma
oncocytoma
DTPA
DMSA
gallium-67
MAG-3
diseases affecting the proximal convoluted tubules inhibit DMSA uptake
it is ideal to assess UPJ obstruction in adults
gentamicin and cisplatin inhibit the DMSA uptake
it allows better assessment of differential renal function
forniceal rupture
drained renal pelvis
high urine output
acute obstruction
small non-obstructive calculi might be missed at MRU performed for the evaluation of hematuria
in pediatrics, performing a dynamic contrast-enhanced imaging helps in evaluating crossing vessels in the setting of UPJ obstruction
the success of static-fluid MR urography depends on the presence of fluid within the urinary system regardless of renal function
MRU at 3T, carries the risk of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis
take urine acidifiers
withhold metformin the day before the study and restart 48 hrs. later
get premedicated by steroids and antihistamines
decrease metformin dose and turn to insulin
coning at the bulbar urethra is normal
segmental narrowing at bulbar urethra is normal
multiple round filling defects could be air bubbles
indicated in urethral trauma cases
0 minute
5 minutes
10 minutes
renal parenchyma does not appear on IVU
obstruction of the upper urinary tract may increase renal pelvis pressure and delay or decrease pelvis peristaltic rates
measured by color Doppler flow mapping in transverse scans at the suprapubic region
patients with ureteral stents are the ideal
adequate hydration is necessary
an elimination T ½ < 10 minutes indicates obstructed system
the diuretic must be given at the maximum kidney activity
If ureteral stents are in place, the bladder catheter must be unclamped
99mTc-MAG3 is the agent of choice to study differential renal function and obstruction
extension of the tumor to the diaphragm
extension of the tumor to the right atrium
the density of calcifications
the amount and bilaterality of cysts formation
can be mistaken for a ureteral stone
is a small single, usually spiky, calcification within a vein
the amount of phleboliths increases with age
appears more often on the left than on the right side of the pelvis
seminoma
embryonal cell tumor
mixed germ cell tumor
epidermoid cyst
nuclear medicine
ultrasonography
X-ray fluoroscopy
intravenous urography
dark
intermediate
bright
none of the above
intratesticular hematoma
testicular abscess
orchitis
sex cord stromal tumors
grey-scale
simultaneous bilateral views
color Doppler
power Doppler
advanced prostatic cancer
central diabetes insipidus
pituitary adenoma
a & c
renal tuberculosis
renal abscess
renal cell carcinoma
angiomyolipoma
end-stage renal failure kidneys look small and hypoechoic
it is more accurate on diagnosing cystic lesions than solid masses
it is able to detect tumors as small as 2 mm
cortical carbuncle might be mistaken for hydronephrosis
hyperechoic
hypoechoic
isoechoic
anechoic
more than 30 mL/min/1.73 m2
more than 60 mL/min/1.73 m2
more than 90 mL/min/1.73 m2
none of the above
blood clot
fibro-epithelial polyp
sloughed renal papilla
all of the above
embolizing the non-target artery might occur
severe pain at the renal area could occur
complications depend on the embolic agent
reactive left pulmonary edema
mechanical waves
radar waves
microwaves
radio waves
air
water
fat
bone
repeated febrile UTI in children
evaluating a probable posterior urethral valve
a & b
none of the above
bleeding angiomyolipomas
an alternative to nephrectomy in severe uncontrolled hypertension among patients with end-stage renal disease
renal artery aneurysms or symptomatic AV malformations
all of the above
using bladder scanner
measuring the voided urine
using abdominal ultrasonography
performing urinary catheterization
hydrocalicosis
extrarenal pelvis
parapelvic cyst
class 2 Bosniak renal cyst