the most superficial layer of the adrenal cortex
responses to increased potassium levels, renin or decreased renal blood flow
it causes pheochromocytoma
secretes aldosterone
C. it causes pheochromocytoma
5α-reductase enzyme reduces testosterone to DHT
aromatase enzyme reduces testosterone to estrogen
PSA molecule binds to α1-antichymotrypsin and α2-macroglobulin
none of the above
sympathetic nervous system
parasympathetic nervous system
somatic nervous system
none of the above
Denonvilliers fascia
prostatic fascia
levator fascia
all of the above
at either side of the prostate
in the pubo-prostatic space
anterior to the seminal vesicles
posterior to the vaso-epididymal junction
it is the white secretion produced under the foreskin in males
it has a crucial role in penile cancer development
it contains lysozymes, chymotrypsin, neutrophil elastase and cytokines
female smegma can be found between the labia
cystoscopy
CT urography
urine cytology
all of the above
urine production exceeding 200 ml/hr for 2 consecutive hours or producing greater than 3 L of urine in 24 hours is diagnostic of POD
pathologic POD can be exacerbated by excessive fluid replacement
the replacement fluid choice is ringer lactate
fluid resuscitation depends on the degree of dehydration
amoxicillin
gentamycin
diclofenac
herb extract
degenerate after birth
called the caudal genital ligaments
help guide the testes down through the inguinal canals
represent undifferentiated mesenchyme
16
32
64
90
79.54
44.19
84.15
94.25
each epididymis can be palpable at the postero-lateral surface of the testis
has 3 parts; head, body, and tail
new batches of sperms stay in the epididymis around 2 days for maturation
shares the same blood supply of the testis
ejaculatory ducts
prostatic urethra
membranous urethra
bulbous urethra
programmed cell death
new vascular formation
uninhibited neural stimulation
premature muscular contraction
type 1
type 2
type 3
type 4
chyluria
bacteriuria
phosphaturia
all of the above
sterility is the rule
has a considerable short life span
treatment requires testicular microdissection and sperm extraction
47 XXY karyotype
increases semen volume
has antimicrobial activity
liquefies the seminal coagulum
decreases semen pH
type 1
type 2
type 3
type 4
Serratia marcescens
Streptococcus pyogenes
Clostridium difficile
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
estradiol
DHT
FSH
testosterone
administration of hypertonic saline
administration of crystalloid
administration of normal saline
administration of ringer lactate
dehydration
myoglobinuria
high doses of vitamin C
all of the above
perineal membrane
deep transverse perineal muscle
urethral sphincter
Camper`s fascia
retinal hemangioblastoma
ureteral atresia
pheochromocytomas
multiple cysts in the pancreas and kidneys
sympathetic to the medulla
parasympathetic to the medulla
sympathetic to the cortex
parasympathetic to the cortex
kidney stones
glomerulonephritis
BPH
bladder cancer
oxalate
struvite
urate
cystine
ureteropelvic junction obstruction
ureterocele
ureteral reflux
ureteral atresia
infiltrating ductal carcinoma of the breast
seminoma
hepatocellular carcinoma
malignant melanoma