hypertensive patient
patient on aspirin withheld 5 days prior to ESWL
a stone in a scared poorly functioning kidney
ESWL every other day
C. a stone in a scared poorly functioning kidney
Proteus mirabilis
E. coli
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Staphylococcus epidermidis
ammonium urate
sodium urate
calcium oxalate
calcium phosphate
size of 5 mm
location at the lower calyx
density of 400 HU
being recurrent
short skin-to-stone distance (SSD)
end-stage renal failure
a stone in the upper calyx
the presence of a 30 cm, 4.7 Fr ureteral stent in situ
to stent the ureter after ureteral surgery
to facilitate stone passage
after a tough ureteroscopy procedure
all of the above
stones at posterior urethra could be pushed back to the bladder
stones at anterior urethra have to undergo a trial of milking out, using copious intra-urethral xylocaine gel
often respond to a two-week course of tamsulosin
respond to Holmium laser treatment
commonly occur in patients with senile prostatic enlargement
common in children exposed to low-protein, low-phosphate diet
rarely recur after treatment
respond to ESWL
matrix
indinavir
brushite
2,8 dihydroxyadenine
Tumor lysis syndrome
hypoparathyroidism
myeloproliferative disorder
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome
result from an inherited defect of renal tubular reabsorption of cysteine
characteristically, urate and cysteine stone are radiolucent
cysteine is a dibasic amino acid
on plain X-ray, cysteine stones exhibit ground-glass appearance
α-Mercaptopropionylglycine
acetohydroxamic acid
carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
xanthine oxidase inhibitors
right hemicolectomy
small bowel resection
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass
b & c
1000 - 1300 HU density
5 - 10 mm diameter
lower calyx location
mid ureteral location
the commonest to form staghorn giant calculi
formed by urease producing bacteria
antibiotics have a role in the treatment
form at the two extremes of urinary pH range
cystine
brushite
Ca.oxalate monohydrate
Ca.oxalate dihydrate
aminoglycosides
macrolides
cephalosporins
fluoroquinolones
commoner in females than in males
in pediatrics, are of calcium oxalate and/or ammonium urate composition
caused by bladder outlet obstruction
might result in bladder cancer
hypercalciuria and hypocitraturia
hypercalciuria and hypercitraturia
hypocalciuria and hypocitraturia
hypocalciuria and hypercitraturia
Klebsiella pneumonia
Morganella morganii
Proteus mirabilis
all of the above
subcostal puncture performed during full expiration
previous open nephrolithotomy
access lateral to the posterior axillary line
horseshoe kidney
should be treated with more analgesics
must undergo metabolic worked out
are unlikely to pass out spontaneously
chemolysis should be tried first
active UTI is an absolute contraindication
fluoroquinolone is the first choice for antimicrobial prophylaxis
withholding aspirin for only 10 days is enough
despite sterile urine, stone fragmentation might release hidden bacterial endotoxins and viable bacteria
calcium phosphate
calcium oxalate monohydrate
sodium urate
2,8 dihydroxyadenine
the surface area of the stones
the volume of the stones
the density of the stones
the number of the stones
2,8 dihydroxyadenine stones
sulfa medications-induced stones
calcium oxalate stones
matrix stones
piezoelectric
electrohydraulic
electromagnetic
microexplosive
lithogenic anion to cation ratio
Randall cut off
saturation index
solubility product
3 6 %
12 15 %
0.4 0.8 %
0.09 0.14 %
the preferred access into the collecting system is through a posterior calyx
the posterior calyceal group is typically more medial than in the normal kidney
in most cases the lower pole calyces are posterior
it is desirable to make an upper pole collecting system puncture
it is characterized by low urinary magnesium and citrate
magnesium increases renal tubular citrate resorption
diarrheal is a remarkable side effect of magnesium therapy
potassium-magnesium preparations might restore urinary magnesium and citrate levels