can be mistaken for a ureteral stone
is a small single, usually spiky, calcification within a vein
the amount of phleboliths increases with age
appears more often on the left than on the right side of the pelvis
B. is a small single, usually spiky, calcification within a vein
grey-scale
simultaneous bilateral views
color Doppler
power Doppler
advanced prostatic cancer
central diabetes insipidus
pituitary adenoma
a & c
non-seminomatous germ cell tumors
acute bleed on top of old hematoma
mature teratoma
sex cord stromal tumors
bleeding angiomyolipomas
an alternative to nephrectomy in severe uncontrolled hypertension among patients with end-stage renal disease
renal artery aneurysms or symptomatic AV malformations
all of the above
blood clot
fibro-epithelial polyp
sloughed renal papilla
all of the above
intratesticular hematoma
testicular abscess
orchitis
sex cord stromal tumors
small non-obstructive calculi might be missed at MRU performed for the evaluation of hematuria
in pediatrics, performing a dynamic contrast-enhanced imaging helps in evaluating crossing vessels in the setting of UPJ obstruction
the success of static-fluid MR urography depends on the presence of fluid within the urinary system regardless of renal function
MRU at 3T, carries the risk of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis
nuclear medicine
ultrasonography
X-ray fluoroscopy
intravenous urography
diseases affecting the proximal convoluted tubules inhibit DMSA uptake
it is ideal to assess UPJ obstruction in adults
gentamicin and cisplatin inhibit the DMSA uptake
it allows better assessment of differential renal function
dark
intermediate
bright
none of the above
epididymal cysts
testicular tumors
renal stones
penile vasculature
obstruction of the upper urinary tract may increase renal pelvis pressure and delay or decrease pelvis peristaltic rates
measured by color Doppler flow mapping in transverse scans at the suprapubic region
patients with ureteral stents are the ideal
adequate hydration is necessary
the classic blue dot sign
thick, short, edematous spermatic cord
absence of intratesticular blood flow
increased epididymal blood flow
to evaluate ejaculatory duct obstruction in infertility case
to screen for prostate cancers
to take prostate biopsies
to place interstitial radiotherapy seeds
embolizing the non-target artery might occur
severe pain at the renal area could occur
complications depend on the embolic agent
reactive left pulmonary edema
repeated febrile UTI in children
evaluating a probable posterior urethral valve
a & b
none of the above
peripheral zone of the prostate
ejaculatory duct
tip of the right seminal vesicle
tip of the left lateral lobe of the prostate
The higher the frequency, the deeper tissue penetration
The higher the frequency, the better the axial resolution
low-frequency transducers are of 6 to 10 MHz
the deeper tissue penetration, the better axial resolution
take urine acidifiers
withhold metformin the day before the study and restart 48 hrs. later
get premedicated by steroids and antihistamines
decrease metformin dose and turn to insulin
an elimination T ½ < 10 minutes indicates obstructed system
the diuretic must be given at the maximum kidney activity
If ureteral stents are in place, the bladder catheter must be unclamped
99mTc-MAG3 is the agent of choice to study differential renal function and obstruction
epinephrine
atropine
hydrocortisone
antihistamine
forniceal rupture
drained renal pelvis
high urine output
acute obstruction
using bladder scanner
measuring the voided urine
using abdominal ultrasonography
performing urinary catheterization
hypoechoic
hyperechoic
anechoic
isoechoic
evaluating a probable bladder rupture
evaluating a probable colovesical or vesicovaginal fistulae
evaluating a probable intravesical pathology
evaluating a probable bladder diverticula
Its uptake by glomerular filtration is almost 100%
It helps evaluate cortical structure and morphology
It provides a static picture of kidneys when compared to MAG3
it binds to the sulfhydryl groups in proximal tubules resulting in much higher resolution pinhole SPECT imaging
ejaculatory duct
vas deferens
seminal vesicles
rectal wall
preparation for donor nephrectomy
advanced RCC in the right kidney
renal artery stenosis
oncocytoma in the left kidney
coning at the bulbar urethra is normal
segmental narrowing at bulbar urethra is normal
multiple round filling defects could be air bubbles
indicated in urethral trauma cases
high signal on T1-weighted images
high signal on T2-weighted images
low signal on T1-weighted images
none of the above