end-stage renal failure kidneys look small and hypoechoic
it is more accurate on diagnosing cystic lesions than solid masses
it is able to detect tumors as small as 2 mm
cortical carbuncle might be mistaken for hydronephrosis
B. it is more accurate on diagnosing cystic lesions than solid masses
0 minute
5 minutes
10 minutes
renal parenchyma does not appear on IVU
extension of the tumor to the diaphragm
extension of the tumor to the right atrium
the density of calcifications
the amount and bilaterality of cysts formation
ejaculatory duct
vas deferens
seminal vesicles
rectal wall
epididymal cysts
testicular tumors
renal stones
penile vasculature
preparation for donor nephrectomy
advanced RCC in the right kidney
renal artery stenosis
oncocytoma in the left kidney
intratesticular hematoma
testicular abscess
orchitis
sex cord stromal tumors
take urine acidifiers
withhold metformin the day before the study and restart 48 hrs. later
get premedicated by steroids and antihistamines
decrease metformin dose and turn to insulin
diseases affecting the proximal convoluted tubules inhibit DMSA uptake
it is ideal to assess UPJ obstruction in adults
gentamicin and cisplatin inhibit the DMSA uptake
it allows better assessment of differential renal function
DTPA
DMSA
gallium-67
MAG-3
evaluating a probable bladder rupture
evaluating a probable colovesical or vesicovaginal fistulae
evaluating a probable intravesical pathology
evaluating a probable bladder diverticula
hippuran I-131
technetium-99m
gallium-67
indium-111labelled WBC
can be mistaken for a ureteral stone
is a small single, usually spiky, calcification within a vein
the amount of phleboliths increases with age
appears more often on the left than on the right side of the pelvis
epinephrine
atropine
hydrocortisone
antihistamine
The higher the frequency, the deeper tissue penetration
The higher the frequency, the better the axial resolution
low-frequency transducers are of 6 to 10 MHz
the deeper tissue penetration, the better axial resolution
nuclear medicine
ultrasonography
X-ray fluoroscopy
intravenous urography
coning at the bulbar urethra is normal
segmental narrowing at bulbar urethra is normal
multiple round filling defects could be air bubbles
indicated in urethral trauma cases
malunion of lumbar and/or sacral vertebral bodies
pelvic bone diastasis
sacral agenesis
fracture of anterior pubic rami
prominent columns of Bertin
xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis
lymphoma
renal infarction
obstruction of the upper urinary tract may increase renal pelvis pressure and delay or decrease pelvis peristaltic rates
measured by color Doppler flow mapping in transverse scans at the suprapubic region
patients with ureteral stents are the ideal
adequate hydration is necessary
unilateral hydrocele
bilateral varicocele
calcifications at the renal area on plain KUB film
painless hematuria
high signal on T1-weighted images
high signal on T2-weighted images
low signal on T1-weighted images
none of the above
bleeding angiomyolipomas
an alternative to nephrectomy in severe uncontrolled hypertension among patients with end-stage renal disease
renal artery aneurysms or symptomatic AV malformations
all of the above
forniceal rupture
drained renal pelvis
high urine output
acute obstruction
small non-obstructive calculi might be missed at MRU performed for the evaluation of hematuria
in pediatrics, performing a dynamic contrast-enhanced imaging helps in evaluating crossing vessels in the setting of UPJ obstruction
the success of static-fluid MR urography depends on the presence of fluid within the urinary system regardless of renal function
MRU at 3T, carries the risk of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis
RCC
metastases
angiomyolipoma
oncocytoma
MRI
CT
ultrasound
all are comparable
evaluation of probable ureteral obstruction
in conjunction with ureteroscopy
evaluation of hematuria
evaluation of probable ureterovesical reflux
repeated febrile UTI in children
evaluating a probable posterior urethral valve
a & b
none of the above
using bladder scanner
measuring the voided urine
using abdominal ultrasonography
performing urinary catheterization
grey-scale
simultaneous bilateral views
color Doppler
power Doppler