The effective span
1.25 times the effective span
1.50 times the effective span
2.0 times the effective span
B. 1.25 times the effective span
Shear
Bending
Axial tension
Shear and bending
1.0
1.4
1.8
2.0
d/4
d/3
d/2
2d/3 Where d is the distance between flange angles
fb = W/(b + h√3)tw
fb = W/(b + 2h√3)tw
fb = W/(b + 2h√2)tw
fb = W/(b + h√2)tw
Effective throat thickness
Plate thickness
Size of weld
Penetration thickness
5 %
10 %
15 %
20 %
2
4
6
8
Stringer beam
Lintel beam
Spandrel beam
Header beam
1/12 of strain at the initiation of strain hardening and about 1/120 of maximum strain
1/2 of strain at the initiation of strain hardening and about 1/12 of maximum strain
1/12 of strain at the initiation of strain hardening and 1/200 of maximum strain
1/24 of strain at the initiation of strain hardening and about 1/200 of maximum strain
Cross-sectional area of column/Radius of gyration
Radius of gyration/Cross-sectional area of column
Cross-sectional area of column/Section modulus of the section
Section modulus of the section/Cross-sectional area of column
1.5
1.7
2.0
2.34
5 %
10 %
15 %
20 %
1.00
0.67
1.67
2.67
Are used to reduce the length of connection
Are unequal angles
Increases shear lag
All the above
L/2
L/3
L/4
L/6
Ps = N × (π/4) d2 × Ps
Ps = N × (d × t × ps)
Ps = N × (p - d) × t × Ps
Ps = N × (P + d) × t × ps
Pe = P + MA/Z
Pe = P - MA/Z
Pe = P - Z/MA
Pe = P + Z/MA
Vertical stiffeners may be placed in pairs one on each side of the web
Single vertical stiffeners may be placed alternately on opposite sides of the web
Horizontal stiffeners may be placed alternately on opposite sides of the web
All the above
As columns
With flat strips to connect plates in steel rectangular tanks
As built up sections to resist axial tension
None of these
4 zones
5 zones
6 zones
7 zones
Overall depth
Clear depth
Effective depth
None of these
Increasing the depth of beam
Increasing the span
Decreasing the depth of beam
Increasing the width of beam
Two times the weld size
Four times the weld size
Six times the weld size
Weld size
Always equal to factor of safety
Always less than factor of safety
Always greater than factor of safety
Sometimes greater than factor of safety
Shearing strength
Bearing strength
Tearing strength
Least of (a), (b) and (c)
It is uneconomical
It cannot carry the load safely
It is difficult to connect beams to the round sections
All of the above
Bearing stress
Working stress
Tensile stress
Compressive stress
Channels are placed back to back
Channel flanges are kept inward
Channel flanges are kept outward
None of these
d
1.25 d
1.5 d
2.5 d
3 t
4 t
6 t
8 t Where t = thickness of the batten plate