high levels of α-FP are found only in non-seminomas
high levels of α-FP may result from marijuana use
β-hCG levels above 10,000 mIU/mL are seen only in germ cell tumors and hepatocellular carcinoma
LDH is a useful marker for surveillance after tumor extirpation
A. high levels of α-FP are found only in non-seminomas
undergo laparoscopic lymph node sampling
receive induction chemotherapy
undergo extensive retroperitoneal lymph node dissection
go for palliative therapy
the risk of developing germ cell tumor when an undescended testis is in the abdomen is greater than when it is in the inguinal canal
orchiopexy for boys younger than 6 yrs. lowers the risk of cancer development
a normally descended testis carries 5-20% risk of developing cancer when its mate is undescended
the risk of cancer increases in cryptorchid patients over 33 yrs. of age
occurs in men over 60 yrs.
does not contain an isochromosome 12p
constitutes a considerable part of mixed germ cell tumors
rarely metastasizes without sarcomatous differentiation
yolk cell tumors
choriocarcinomas
embryonal carcinomas
pure seminomas
epididymo-orchitis
indirect inguinal hernia
testicular microlithiasis
syphilitic gumma
in approximately 60% of patients, post-chemotherapy residual masses are either viable cancer cells or teratoma
nearly one half will be azoospermic after 2 years of therapy
in seminoma stage II-B, primary chemotherapy with 3 cycles of bleomycin, etoposide and cisplatin (BEP), and 4 cycles of chemotherapy with etoposide and cisplatin (EP) are recommended
in seminoma stage II-B, II-C, III after primary treatment with chemotherapy, surveillance is recommended for residual masses of 3 cm or less detected by PET scan
environmental conditions exposing the testes to high temperature
47XXY genotype
prior testicular cancers
cryptorchidism
elevation of only α-FP indicates pure non-seminoma
elevation of α-FP might occur in chronic liver disease, hepatitis, and alcohol abuse
elevation of LDH indicates tumor burden and growth rate
elevation of β-hCG above 10,000 mIU/mL is seen only in germ cell tumors
10 - 20%
20 - 60%
60 - 80%
80 - 90%
yolk cell tumors
spermatocytic seminoma
choriocarcinoma
embryonal carcinoma
active surveillance is recommended for patients with horseshoe kidney
adjuvant chemotherapy with a single dose of carboplatin is recommended as an alternative to radiation therapy
the number of positive nodes dissected dictates the number of chemotherapy cycles to be given
cure is possible after radical orchiectomy alone
younger than 10 yrs.
older than 50 yrs.
between 20 27 yrs.
between 28 35 yrs.
fossa navicularis
bulbomembranous urethra
prostatic urethra
external urethral meatus
polyembryoma
teratoma
embryonal carcinoma
mixed germ cell tumor
mature teratoma
immature teratoma
cystadenoma
adenomatoid tumor
3 months
3 spermatogenic cycles
3 yrs.
damage is permanent
peripheral neuropathy
renal failure
Raynaud phenomenon
hypogonadism
greater than 90%
lesser than 40%
greater than 70%
lesser than 20%
left testicular tumors spread to the periaortic lymph nodes
right testicular tumors spread to the interaortocaval lymph nodes
the fashion of further spread in the retroperitoneum is from right to left
all of the above
in pure seminoma α-FP is normal
if syncytiotrophoblastic giant cells are present, β-hCG may be elevated
spermatocytic seminomas rarely metastasize without sarcomatous differentiation
pure seminoma constitutes approximately 90% of pure germ cell tumors
60%
70%
80%
90%
rhabdomyosarcoma
liposarcoma
sarcomatoid tumor
angiosarcoma
lymphoma
spermatocytic seminoma
adenocarcinoma
cystadenoma
high levels of α-FP are found only in non-seminomas
high levels of α-FP may result from marijuana use
β-hCG levels above 10,000 mIU/mL are seen only in germ cell tumors and hepatocellular carcinoma
LDH is a useful marker for surveillance after tumor extirpation
unilateral hydrocele
dull ache or heavy sensation in the lower abdomen
painless swelling or a nodule in the testicle
incidental finding on scrotal ultrasonography
rhabdomyosarcoma
liposarcoma
sarcomatoid tumor
angiosarcoma
choriocarcinoma
yolk cell tumor
embryonal carcinoma
seminoma
stem from the periphery of the testis
no non-pulmonary visceral metastases
normal α-FP, β-hCG, and LDH markers
all of the above
is considered based on a histologic evidence
should not be performed through a scrotal incision
preoperative biopsy is required for histologic examination
entails early clamping of the cord at the external inguinal ring level
over 80%
over 85%
over 90 %
over 95 %