(P/w) × [(1 + sin φ)/(1 - sin φ)]²
(P/w) × [(1 - sin φ)/(1 + sin φ)]²
(P/2w) × [(1 - sin φ)/(1 + sin φ)]²
(P/w) × [(1 + sin φ)/(1 - sin φ)]
B. (P/w) × [(1 - sin φ)/(1 + sin φ)]²
Scaffolding
Dead shore
Raking shore
Under pinning
10 m
15 m
20 m
40 m
Cornice
Coping
Frieze
Lintel
Shed type
Gable type
Gambrel type
Mansard type
Half brick
Queen closer
King closer
Bevelled closer
Upper flange of top tier
Lower beam of lower tier
Ends of external beams
None to these
Stairs
Toilets
Light and shafts
All the above
Rocky soils
Clay soils
Sandy soil
All of these
1 cm per metre length
2 cm per metre length
4 cm per metre length
5 cm per metre length
15 mm
25 mm
35 mm
45 mm
Are vertical wooden members
Is the upper horizontal wooden member
Is the lower horizontal wooden member
Are the intermediate horizontal wooden members
To support the frame work of the roof
To receive the ends of principal rafter
To prevent the walls from spreading outward
To prevent the tie beam from sagging at its centre
Brick on edge
Brick on end
Brick on bed
Brick held vertically
Walls having thickness more than 4 bricks
Architectural finish to the face work
Ornamental panels in brick flooring
All the above
Parallel to grains
45° to grains
Perpendicular to grains
Same in all directions
Zero
A few degrees
10°
200°
Highest point on the extrados of the arch
Highest point on the intrados of the arch
Skew-back of the arch
None of these
Gable roof
Hip roof
Gambrel roof
Mansard roof
90 mm
150 mm
190 mm
200 mm
Random rubble masonry
Course rubble masonry
Uncoursed rubble masonry
Ashlar masonry
H-pile
Pipe pile
Screw pile
Disc pile
Style
Reveal
Mullion
Post
Bat
Header
Stretcher
Closer
25 to 50 mm
25 to 75 mm
75 to 125 mm
50 to 100 mm
The direction of the prevailing winds in the area
The exposure of the walls and roof of the buildings to the rays of sun
The extent up to which the sunrays penetrate with the verandah
All the above
Baluster
Header
String
Beam
To drain off the water from the filling
To ventilate the stone masonry
To add architectural beauty
To increase compaction of the earth retained
Cracking
Dubbing
Blistering
Hacking
Double Flemish bond facing and English bond backing in each course
English bond facing and double Flemish bond backing in each course
Stretcher bond facing and double Flemish bond backing in each course
Double Flemish bond facing and header bond backing in each course
Dining halls
Bath rooms
Living rooms
Verandah