A. in a patient with a history of GCTs, the finding of testicular microlithiasis on ultrasonography poses a higher risk of intratubular germ cell neoplasia

B. occur bilaterally approximately 2% of cases

C. are extragonadal in 1 - 5%

D. are more likely to contain embryonal tumor cells than tumors arising in the testis

A. undergo laparoscopic lymph node sampling

B. receive induction chemotherapy

C. undergo extensive retroperitoneal lymph node dissection

D. go for palliative therapy

A. unilateral hydrocele

B. dull ache or heavy sensation in the lower abdomen

C. painless swelling or a nodule in the testicle

D. incidental finding on scrotal ultrasonography

A. environmental conditions exposing the testes to high temperature

B. 47XXY genotype

C. prior testicular cancers

D. cryptorchidism

A. in a patient with a history of GCTs, the finding of testicular microlithiasis on ultrasonography poses a higher risk of intratubular germ cell neoplasia

B. occur bilaterally approximately 2% of cases

C. are extragonadal in 1 - 5%

D. are more likely to contain embryonal tumor cells than tumors arising in the testis

A. suspected germ cell tumor (GCT) with a normal contralateral testis

B. in case of bilateral synchronous testicular GCT

C. suspected benign testicular lesions

D. suspected GCT of < 2 cm tumor size in a solitary testis

A. 3 months

B. 3 spermatogenic cycles

C. 3 yrs.

D. damage is permanent

A. 10 - 20%

B. 20 - 60%

C. 60 - 80%

D. 80 - 90%

A. patients in whom retroperitoneal LN dissection (RPLND) reveals viable cancer cells after chemotherapy, subsequent chemotherapy is recommended

B. surgical resection is recommended for patients with residual disease after chemotherapy

C. open nerve-sparing RPLND might lead to premature ejaculation

D. in non-seminoma patients stage I-A, I-B, 1S on long-term surveillance, relapses are expected in 80% of cases within the first year after orchiectomy

A. high levels of α-FP are found only in non-seminomas

B. high levels of α-FP may result from marijuana use

C. β-hCG levels above 10,000 mIU/mL are seen only in germ cell tumors and hepatocellular carcinoma

D. LDH is a useful marker for surveillance after tumor extirpation

A. stem from the periphery of the testis

B. no non-pulmonary visceral metastases

C. normal α-FP, β-hCG, and LDH markers

D. all of the above

A. peripheral neuropathy

B. renal failure

C. Raynaud phenomenon

D. hypogonadism

A. over 80%

B. over 85%

C. over 90 %

D. over 95 %

A. rhabdomyosarcoma

B. liposarcoma

C. sarcomatoid tumor

D. angiosarcoma

A. rhabdomyosarcoma

B. liposarcoma

C. sarcomatoid tumor

D. angiosarcoma

A. fossa navicularis

B. bulbomembranous urethra

C. prostatic urethra

D. external urethral meatus

A. the risk of developing germ cell tumor when an undescended testis is in the abdomen is greater than when it is in the inguinal canal

B. orchiopexy for boys younger than 6 yrs. lowers the risk of cancer development

C. a normally descended testis carries 5-20% risk of developing cancer when its mate is undescended

D. the risk of cancer increases in cryptorchid patients over 33 yrs. of age

A. evaluates post chemotherapy residual masses in pure seminoma cases

B. helps stage non-seminomatous germ cell tumors

C. all of the above

D. used for active surveillance in non-operable cases

A. left testicular tumors spread to the periaortic lymph nodes

B. right testicular tumors spread to the interaortocaval lymph nodes

C. the fashion of further spread in the retroperitoneum is from right to left

D. all of the above

A. greater than 90%

B. lesser than 40%

C. greater than 70%

D. lesser than 20%

A. is considered based on a histologic evidence

B. should not be performed through a scrotal incision

C. preoperative biopsy is required for histologic examination

D. entails early clamping of the cord at the external inguinal ring level

A. elevation of only α-FP indicates pure non-seminoma

B. elevation of α-FP might occur in chronic liver disease, hepatitis, and alcohol abuse

C. elevation of LDH indicates tumor burden and growth rate

D. elevation of β-hCG above 10,000 mIU/mL is seen only in germ cell tumors

A. in pure seminoma α-FP is normal

B. if syncytiotrophoblastic giant cells are present, β-hCG may be elevated

C. spermatocytic seminomas rarely metastasize without sarcomatous differentiation

D. pure seminoma constitutes approximately 90% of pure germ cell tumors

A. polyembryoma

B. teratoma

C. embryonal carcinoma

D. mixed germ cell tumor

A. α-FP and/or β-hCG are elevated in approximately 80% to 85% of patients with non-seminomatous germ cell tumors

B. β-hCG increases in either seminoma or non-seminoma

C. LDH increases in 30% to 80% of pure seminoma patients and in 60% of non-seminoma patients

D. high levels of α-FP might induce nipple tenderness or gynecomastia

A. yolk cell tumors

B. choriocarcinomas

C. embryonal carcinomas

D. pure seminomas

A. younger than 10 yrs.

B. older than 50 yrs.

C. between 20 27 yrs.

D. between 28 35 yrs.

A. 60%

B. 70%

C. 80%

D. 90%

A. lymphoma

B. spermatocytic seminoma

C. adenocarcinoma

D. cystadenoma

A. choriocarcinoma

B. yolk cell tumor

C. embryonal carcinoma

D. seminoma

A. adult choriocarcinoma arise from ITGCN

B. spermatocytic seminoma arises from ITGCN

C. typically, pediatric germ cell tumors (GCT) do not arise from ITGCN

D. ITGCN is the common precursor for most of adult male GCT