Which statement best defines reinfection?
a new episode of UTI caused by different species or occurring at long intervals
recurrent UTIs caused by the same organism in each instance, classically, at close intervals
recurrent UTIs due to failure of medical therapy to eradicate the infection
recurrent UTIs due to a persistent pathology that is obstinate to surgery
Correct Answer :
A. a new episode of UTI caused by different species or occurring at long intervals
self-explanatory.
Related Questions
What is the likelihood of contracting gonorrheal disease following a single intercourse with an infected woman?
1.7%
7%
17%
71%
What could cause scrotal sinus?
improperly drained hair follicle scrotal abscess
syphilitic orchitis
tuberculous epididymitis
all of the above
What could cause unresolved bacteriuria?
drug resistance
non-compliance
the presence of persistent pathology
all of the above
The virulence of uropathogenic E.coli depends on all the following,
EXCEPT:
P blood-group antigen
P fimbriae in descending infections
emolysins
Dr family of adhesins in ascending infections
Screening for bacteriuria is mostly indicated for:
seniors house residents
ICU patients with indwelling urinary catheters
pregnant women
neurogenic bladder patients on CIC
What is true concerning granulomatous inflammation of the prostate?
is a common cause of elevated PSA level
might follow BCG treatment
is sequelae of untreated type III-b prostatitis
shows homogenous enhancement following Gd-DTPA on prostate MRI
What is true concerning the definition of UTI in women, based on culture results from a suprapubic aspirate of urine?
any amount of uropathogen grown in culture indicates UTI
for cystitis, more than 1000 CFU/mL indicates UTI
for pyelonephritis, more than 10,000 CFU/mL indicates UTI
for asymptomatic bacteriuria, more than 100,000 CFU/mL indicates UTI
What is false concerning urinary catheter-associated UTI (CAUTI)?
once a catheter is placed, the daily incidence of bacteriuria is 3-10%
on long-term catheterization, over 90% of patients develop bacteriuria
the practice of using urinary catheters to control incontinence in bedridden patients should be discouraged
urine bags should be placed on the floor to enhance gravity drainage
What is the most commonly affected organ by genitourinary Brucellosis?
kidneys
bladder
prostate
epididymis
What condition(s) could occur in schistosomal ureter?
beading of the lower ureteral segment
ureteral fibrosis and calcifications of the distal ureter
stricture at the uretero-vesical junction
all of the above
What is false concerning corpora amylacea of the prostate?
are premalignant, and found in 1-6% of prostate biopsies
are small hyaline masses of unknown significance found in the prostate gland
they are degenerate cells or thickened secretions in the prostate ducts
might appear as prostate calcifications on X-ray KUB
Directed physiotherapy could be of value in treating what NIH type of prostatitis?
type II
type III-a
type III-b
type IV
Which of the following factors increases the risk of UTI due to facilitation of microbial ascent?
sexual activity
the use of spermicide
estrogen depletion
fecal incontinence
What type of scrotal ulcers is painless, punched out, with yellowish grey floor?
tuberculous ulcer
malignant ulcer
gummatous ulcers
traumatic ulcer
What is true concerning malakoplakia?
is a premalignant condition
it can be locally aggressive and invades surrounding structures causing bone erosions
kidneys are the most commonly affected organs
characterized by rounded intracellular inclusions (owls-eyes) in large esinophilic histocytes
Under which surgical wound classification, does diagnostic cystoscopy under sterile technique fit?
dirty - infected
contaminated
clean - contaminated
clean
What is true concerning bacterial colonization in the bladder?
is always asymptomatic
it shows a serological immune antibody response
is a common cause of sterile pyuria
typically, at this stage, the body demonstrates bacteriuria
What is the bladder`s first-line defense against infections?
natural sloughing of bladder mucosa
voiding
urine osmolarity
urine pH
Epididymal cysts are common in the following conditions,
EXCEPT:
von Hippel-Lindau disease
tuberous sclerosis
cystic fibrosis
autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease
A 40 yrs. man presents with clinical acute pyelonephritis, on intravenous antibiotics for 4 days, CT shows a renal abscess. What is next in the treatment?
carry on the full antibiotic course, and then repeat CT
incision and drainage of the renal abscess with/without nephrectomy
the abscess size dictates management
perc. drainage of the renal abscess
A 44 yrs. male presents with recurrent left pyelonephritis and Proteus infection. His kidney is dilated and contains a stone. A renal biopsy showed foamy macrophages with neutrophils and cellular debris. What is the treatment?
PCNL after treating the infection
cystoscopy and placing a retrograde ureteral stent followed by ESWL
perc. nephrostomy and placing antegrade ureteral stent
nephrectomy
Using low-dose prophylactic or suppressive antimicrobials might be an option in treating the following type of prostatitis:
acute bacterial prostatitis presenting with abscess formation
recurrent or refractory chronic bacterial prostatitis
asymptomatic prostatitis with pyuria resistant to common antimicrobials
curiously, chronic inflammatory prostatitis could respond to low-dose suppressive antibiotic
What is false concerning the cystoscopic findings of interstitial cystitis?
Hunner`s ulcers are multiple ulcerative patches surrounded by mucosal congestion on the dome or lateral walls
ulcers might get distorted after overdistention, because discrete areas of mucosal scarring rupture during the procedure
in non-ulcerative type, overdistention demonstrates glomerulations on the dome and lateral walls
overdistention results in mucosal tears and submucosal hemorrhage
What are the target immune cells for HIV?
phagocytes
CD4 T cells
B lymphocytes
natural killer cells
What is false regarding the etiology and treatment of orchialgia syndrome?
small indirect inguinal hernia may irritate the genital branch of genitofemoral nerve causing orchialgia
might respond to a selective nerve block
the recommended treatment is orchiectomy with implantation of a testicular prosthesis
psychotherapy and stress management might alleviate the pain
In males, HIV infection increases the incidence of the following genitourinary tumors:
testicular
renal
penile
all of the above
What is false concerning epididymitis?
should be distinguished from testicular torsion in the emergency setting
viral epididymitis is commoner in the elderly
chronic epididymitis might complicate BPH
chronic epididymitis might require epididymectomy
Which of the following factors increases the risk of UTI due to promotion of microbial colonization?
neurogenic bladder
the use of spermicide
urinary catheterization
fecal incontinence
Asymptomatic bacteriuria should be treated in the following situations:
in the elderly
in long-term catheterized patient
in pregnancy
none of the above
What is false in the treatment and prevention of STDs?
antibiotic therapy is recommended for affected individuals with documented trichomonal infection and sexual partners even if asymptomatic
empirical treatment for gonococcal urethritis should cover chlamydia trachomatis
consistent and proper usage of condoms is estimated to prevent HIV transmission by approximately 80 to 95%
vaccinations are available for the prevention of human papillomavirus, N. gonorrhea, chlamydia trachomatis