phagocytes
CD4 T cells
B lymphocytes
natural killer cells
B. CD4 T cells
is defined as a polymicrobial chronic infection of the perineal, perianal, or genital areas
as the disease progresses, branches from the inferior epigastric, deep circumflex iliac, and external pudendal arteries get thrombosed
presents as a dark skinned-scrotum, subcutaneous crepitation, and foul smell
surgical debridement often spares the testes
N. gonorrhea and C. trachomatis
E. coli and Pseudomonas species
Mycoplasma genitalium and Ureaplasma species
Trichomonas vaginalis and Gardnerella vaginalis
is most commonly associated with Proteus or E. coli infection
is characterized by lipid-laden foamy macrophages
the overall prognosis is poor
it might involve adjacent structures or organs
vesicoureteral reflux
stenosis of the lower ureter
edematous ureteral wall causing deficient peristalsis
any of the above
fever and chills
suprapubic pain and pyuria
flank pain and tenderness
none of the above
acute epididymitis
indwelling urethral catheters
transurethral surgery
all of the above
trimethoprim- sulfamethoxazole
fluoroquinolones
aminoglycosides
nitrofurantoins
could be a complication of chronic epididymitis and orchalgia
testicular torsion must be excluded
infected hair follicles and scrotal lacerations are predisposing factors
urethral discharge is not uncommon presentation
probably due to antibody/antigen reaction
has no diagnostic findings on cystoscopy
has no specific medical therapy
on histology, Von Brunn`s nests appear invaginating the urothelium into the lamina propria
nucleic acid amplification tests are the preferred to diagnose Gonococcal and Chlamydial infections
shows dark yellow, purulent, thick urethral discharge
the most common site of the infection is the endocervix
the incubation period is 2 3 weeks
is best diagnosed by ascending urethrography
occurs mostly in diabetic and immunosuppressed patients
could be due to maceration injury, irritant dermatitis, or Candida
commonly presents with deep inguinal lymphadenopathy
von Hippel-Lindau disease
tuberous sclerosis
cystic fibrosis
autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease
commonly presents with scrotal pain, swelling, fever, and leucocytosis
epididymo-orchitis is the most frequent genitourinary complication of brucellosis
epididymo-orchitis occurs in 10-15% of male patients with brucellosis
treatment includes doxycycline and rifampicin for 6-8 weeks
greater than 8 fold
greater than 6 fold
greater than 4 fold
comparable
giggle incontinence
estrogen deficiency
cystitis glandularis
cystitis cystica
P blood group
fimbria
pili
hemolysin
mode of administration
level in the serum
level in the urine
dosage
early morning sample, after cleansing the perineum and meatus
by urethral catheterization under strict aseptic technique
a clean catch of midstream voided urine
by suprapubic aspiration, as urine is sterile
a cause of obstruction should be sought
PCN is placed to decompress the kidney and preserve renal function
blood-born staphylococci are commoner than ascending E.coli infections
blood and urine cultures must dictate the antibiotic choice from day 1
nitrofurantoin monohydrate/macrocrystals
trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
ampicillin
fosfomycin
taking urine samples by draining the urine bag
daily cleansing the external meatus
placing the urine bag on the floor
changing the urine bag once it is full
indwelling catheter insertion must be under sterile condition
systemic antibiotics help best in preventing bacteriuria
greater than 90% of nosocomial UTIs are related to urethral catheters
Intermittent catheterization carries the incidence of 1-3% of developing bacteriuria per insertion
an esinophilic immune reaction is generated in response to the eggs
chronic schistosomiasis can eventually result in small bladder and the development of cancers
schistosoma mansoni often causes urinary tract infections
could cause inflammatory polys and recurrent hematuria
Coxsackie B
Epstein-Barr
varicella
all of the above
2
6
7
8
antibiotic therapy is recommended for affected individuals with documented trichomonal infection and sexual partners even if asymptomatic
empirical treatment for gonococcal urethritis should cover chlamydia trachomatis
consistent and proper usage of condoms is estimated to prevent HIV transmission by approximately 80 to 95%
vaccinations are available for the prevention of human papillomavirus, N. gonorrhea, chlamydia trachomatis
the incidence of scarring following a single episode of febrile UTI is 4.5%
intra-renal reflux is common in convex papillae
scarring and chronic pyelonephritis lead to hypertension in 10-20%
scarring is best detected and followed up by DMSA
aminoglycoside
fluoroquinolone
2nd generation cephalosporin
doxycycline
uncontrolled DM
sexual activity with multiple partners
high vaginal receptivity to bacterial adherence
all of the above
should be flushed frequently, but no antibiotic is advised
should be treated if febrile UTI has developed
should be treated only if urine culture is positive
should be treated once the catheter is removed