Natural boundary
Geometric boundary
Cultural boundary
Demarcated boundary
A. Natural boundary
Natural boundary
Geometric boundary
Cultural boundary
Demarcated boundary
Political instability
Lack of economic opportunities
Access to quality education
Natural disasters
Internal migration
International migration
Forced migration
Step migration
High levels of industrialization
Diverse ethnic composition
Historical political significance
Geographical isolation
Functional region
Cultural region
Formal region
Vernacular region
Strict zoning regulations
Investment in public transportation
Low population density
Easy access to highways
Urban sprawl
Gentrification
Zoning
Urban renewal
A natural landform like a mountain range
A city skyline with skyscrapers
A desert with sand dunes
A dense forest with diverse wildlife
Cultural assimilation
Cultural diffusion
Cultural integration
Cultural convergence
Total fertility rate (TFR)
Infant mortality rate
Crude birth rate
Replacement-level fertility
Mesopotamia
South America
Southeast Asia
Australia
A natural waterfall
A mosque with distinctive architectural elements
A geological rock formation
A coastal beach
Human Development Index (HDI)
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)
Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI)
Physical infrastructure
Natural resources
Education and skills of the population
Financial assets
Gentrification
Urbanization
Suburbanization
Sprawl
High death rate
High infant mortality rate
Low fertility rate
Immigration
Cultural convergence
Cultural divergence
Cultural diffusion
Cultural convergence
Isolation from neighboring cultures
High levels of migration
Innovation and technological advancement
Declining population
Seasonal migration
Forced migration
Chain migration
Step migration
The spread of cultural traits, ideas, and practices from one society to another
The process of adapting to a new culture
The erosion of cultural traditions over time
The tendency of people to stay within their own cultural groups
Gerrymandering
Pluralism
Federalism
Proportional representation
The process of urban areas expanding into surrounding rural areas
The transformation of a neighborhood from low-income to high-income, often leading to displacement of original residents
The migration of people from urban areas to rural areas
The establishment of new industries in a city
The maximum population size that a given environment can sustain indefinitely
The total land area of a country
The rate at which a population grows
The average number of children per woman in a population
Acculturation
Assimilation
Enculturation
Transculturation
Emigration
Immigration
Migration
Net migration
Sustainability
Conservation
Stewardship
Exploitation
Relocation diffusion
Hierarchical diffusion
Stimulus diffusion
Contagious diffusion
Counterurbanization
Urban sprawl
Gentrification
Suburbanization
It has multiple central business districts (CBDs)
It has a single dominant center where most economic activities are concentrated
It lacks organized transportation systems
It is characterized by a dispersed pattern of development
Formal region
Functional region
Cultural region
Vernacular region