mid prostate to the verumontanum at the 5 and 7 oclock positions
lateral margins of the prostate at the 10 and 2 oclock positions
entire area distal to the urethral crest
area between ejaculatory duct openings and prostatic utricle
A. mid prostate to the verumontanum at the 5 and 7 oclock positions
obstructive LUTS are common presentations and occur in association with carcinoma in situ
might present as perineal abscesses and fistulae
could be asymptomatic
venereal diseases increase the risk of urethral cancers
working with organic chemicals and dyes
abuse of pain-control medications especially phenacetin
exposure to arsenic and aromatic amines
schistosomiasis
adenocarcinoma
transitional cell carcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma
basal cell carcinoma
rarely diagnosed at autopsy
the peak incidence occurs between ages 70 and 80
they occur twice as frequently in men as in women
none of the above
tumor stage
tumor grade
lymphovascular invasion
lymph node spread
the anterior urethra drains into the inguinal and pelvic nodes
the posterior urethra drains into the pelvic nodes
the proximal two-thirds drain into the external and internal iliac nodes
the distal one-third drains into the obturator nodes
undergo cystectomy
try mitomycin c
take a second course of BCG
take a second course of BCG + quinolones
mid prostate to the verumontanum at the 5 and 7 oclock positions
lateral margins of the prostate at the 10 and 2 oclock positions
entire area distal to the urethral crest
area between ejaculatory duct openings and prostatic utricle
often of high-grade sarcomas
often associated with muscularis propria invasion
due to vesical polyps occluding ureteric orifices
should be resected but not diathermized
frequently found in association with high-grade or extensive TCC
has a rate of progression to muscle invasion of 10-25%
significant areas of CIS are easily missed by routine cystoscopy
treatment begins with TURBT
adenocarcinoma
transitional cell carcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma
basal cell carcinoma
infiltrative proximal penile urethral carcinomas
infiltrative distal penile urethral carcinomas
recurrent proximal penile urethral carcinoma after laser resection
T3/N2/M0 at bulbar urethra
increase the irrigation fluid and pursue the procedure
abort the procedure and leave a urethral catheter
perform cystogram and manage accordingly
perform abdominal exploration and manage accordingly
nodular or sessile lesions usually invade muscle
papillary bladder tumors are typical of low stage and grade
carcinoma in situ appears as a flat, velvety patch
sarcomas commonly invade bladder base and ureteral orifices causing obstructions
10%
20%
30%
40%
patients with carcinoma in situ
patients with completely resected solitary tumor
patients with preserved kidney and liver functions after 2 courses of BCG
patients with leiomyosarcoma
multifocality
high tumor grade and advanced stage
presence of CIS
all of the above
irritative bladder symptoms
obstructive bladder symptoms
palpable suprapubic mass on physical examination
painless profuse hematuria
only in females
associated with chronic irritation, polypoid cystitis, and cystitis glandularis
no risk for squamous cell carcinoma
treated with estrogen, if symptomatic
adenocarcinoma
transitional cell carcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma
basal cell carcinoma
sensitivity to chemotherapy and age at presentation
anatomic location and extent of the tumor
histologic type of the tumor and sensitivity to radiotherapy
tumors stage and grade
transitional cell carcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma
adenocarcinoma
small cell carcinoma
high specificity
high sensitivity
high reliability
strong validity
obesity
consuming artificial sweeteners
asbestosis
analgesic abuse
the lesion is solitary and no associated CIS
physically, a surgical margin of 2-cm can be obtained
the resected area should be far enough from ureteral orifices and the bladder neck
all of the following
radical cysto-prostatectomy
anterior pelvic exenteration
bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy
creation of a urinary diversion
the standard treatment is transurethral resection
the prognosis for inverted papilloma is pathetic, with a recurrence rate of approximately 65%
the likelihood of synchronous urothelial carcinoma is 26%
has been shown to harbor p53 gene mutations
ascending urethrography
voiding cystourethrography
MRI
IVU
immediately before operation
immediately before incision and post-operative for 1 day
immediately before incision and post-operative for 15 days
immediately before incision and post-operative for 30 days
continue the procedure as perforations at this site do no harm
abort the procedure and leave a urethral catheter
convert tumor removal to open method and repair the defect
perform abdominal exploration and manage accordingly