adenocarcinoma
transitional cell carcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma
basal cell carcinoma
C. squamous cell carcinoma
adenocarcinoma
transitional cell carcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma
basal cell carcinoma
10%
20%
30%
40%
epirubicin
mitomycin c
BCG
none of the above
adenocarcinoma
transitional cell carcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma
basal cell carcinoma
continue the procedure as perforations at this site do no harm
abort the procedure and leave a urethral catheter
convert tumor removal to open method and repair the defect
perform abdominal exploration and manage accordingly
increase the irrigation fluid and pursue the procedure
abort the procedure and leave a urethral catheter
perform cystogram and manage accordingly
perform abdominal exploration and manage accordingly
urine cytology
CT urography
cystoscopy
renal function tests
rarely diagnosed at autopsy
the peak incidence occurs between ages 70 and 80
they occur twice as frequently in men as in women
none of the above
the standard treatment is transurethral resection
the prognosis for inverted papilloma is pathetic, with a recurrence rate of approximately 65%
the likelihood of synchronous urothelial carcinoma is 26%
has been shown to harbor p53 gene mutations
the anterior urethra drains into the inguinal and pelvic nodes
the posterior urethra drains into the pelvic nodes
the proximal two-thirds drain into the external and internal iliac nodes
the distal one-third drains into the obturator nodes
immediately before operation
immediately before incision and post-operative for 1 day
immediately before incision and post-operative for 15 days
immediately before incision and post-operative for 30 days
high specificity
high sensitivity
high reliability
strong validity
the lesion is solitary and no associated CIS
physically, a surgical margin of 2-cm can be obtained
the resected area should be far enough from ureteral orifices and the bladder neck
all of the following
mid prostate to the verumontanum at the 5 and 7 oclock positions
lateral margins of the prostate at the 10 and 2 oclock positions
entire area distal to the urethral crest
area between ejaculatory duct openings and prostatic utricle
never
unlikely
likely
always
ascending urethrography
voiding cystourethrography
MRI
IVU
sensitivity to chemotherapy and age at presentation
anatomic location and extent of the tumor
histologic type of the tumor and sensitivity to radiotherapy
tumors stage and grade
adenocarcinoma
transitional cell carcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma
comparable
leiomyoma
hemangioma
fibroepithelial polyp
lymphangioma
history of pulmonary TB
total incontinence
immunosuppression
impaired renal function
transitional cell carcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma
adenocarcinoma
small cell carcinoma
well-differentiated tumor with broad-based invasive font
marked atypia distributed on wide areas of superficial urothelium
atypia is present
no atypia but marked degenerative epithelial changes
undergo cystectomy
try mitomycin c
take a second course of BCG
take a second course of BCG + quinolones
obesity
consuming artificial sweeteners
asbestosis
analgesic abuse
infiltrative proximal penile urethral carcinomas
infiltrative distal penile urethral carcinomas
recurrent proximal penile urethral carcinoma after laser resection
T3/N2/M0 at bulbar urethra
en bloc resection involving total penectomy, cystoprostatectomy, resection of the pubic rami and urogenital diaphragm, with pelvic lymphadenectomy. In addition, creating a urinary diversion.
total penectomy involving removal of the penis, urethra, and penile root
partial penectomy involving excision of the malignant lesion with 2-cm margins
transurethral resection or fulguration
nodular or sessile lesions usually invade muscle
papillary bladder tumors are typical of low stage and grade
carcinoma in situ appears as a flat, velvety patch
sarcomas commonly invade bladder base and ureteral orifices causing obstructions
only in females
associated with chronic irritation, polypoid cystitis, and cystitis glandularis
no risk for squamous cell carcinoma
treated with estrogen, if symptomatic
often of high-grade sarcomas
often associated with muscularis propria invasion
due to vesical polyps occluding ureteric orifices
should be resected but not diathermized
cisplatin
BCG
mitomycin C
5-fluorouracil