transitional cell carcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma
adenocarcinoma
small cell carcinoma
B. squamous cell carcinoma
the lesion is solitary and no associated CIS
physically, a surgical margin of 2-cm can be obtained
the resected area should be far enough from ureteral orifices and the bladder neck
all of the following
epirubicin
mitomycin c
BCG
none of the above
rarely diagnosed at autopsy
the peak incidence occurs between ages 70 and 80
they occur twice as frequently in men as in women
none of the above
RB
cyclin A
HRAS
CD-44
frequently found in association with high-grade or extensive TCC
has a rate of progression to muscle invasion of 10-25%
significant areas of CIS are easily missed by routine cystoscopy
treatment begins with TURBT
leiomyosarcoma
rhabdosarcoma
carcinosarcoma
neurosarcoma
single intravesical chemotherapy
TURBT
intravesical BCG vaccine
multiple bladder biopsies
adenocarcinoma
transitional cell carcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma
basal cell carcinoma
en bloc resection involving total penectomy, cystoprostatectomy, resection of the pubic rami and urogenital diaphragm, with pelvic lymphadenectomy. In addition, creating a urinary diversion.
total penectomy involving removal of the penis, urethra, and penile root
partial penectomy involving excision of the malignant lesion with 2-cm margins
transurethral resection or fulguration
adenocarcinoma
transitional cell carcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma
basal cell carcinoma
adenocarcinoma
transitional cell carcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma
basal cell carcinoma
obesity
consuming artificial sweeteners
asbestosis
analgesic abuse
tumor stage
tumor grade
lymphovascular invasion
lymph node spread
well-differentiated tumor with broad-based invasive font
marked atypia distributed on wide areas of superficial urothelium
atypia is present
no atypia but marked degenerative epithelial changes
patients with carcinoma in situ
patients with completely resected solitary tumor
patients with preserved kidney and liver functions after 2 courses of BCG
patients with leiomyosarcoma
bladder perforation
obturator nerve reflex
vesico-ureteral reflux
terrible bleeding
30%
40%
50%
60%
only in females
associated with chronic irritation, polypoid cystitis, and cystitis glandularis
no risk for squamous cell carcinoma
treated with estrogen, if symptomatic
radical cysto-prostatectomy
anterior pelvic exenteration
bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy
creation of a urinary diversion
often of high-grade sarcomas
often associated with muscularis propria invasion
due to vesical polyps occluding ureteric orifices
should be resected but not diathermized
irritative bladder symptoms
obstructive bladder symptoms
palpable suprapubic mass on physical examination
painless profuse hematuria
leiomyoma
hemangioma
fibroepithelial polyp
lymphangioma
infiltrative proximal penile urethral carcinomas
infiltrative distal penile urethral carcinomas
recurrent proximal penile urethral carcinoma after laser resection
T3/N2/M0 at bulbar urethra
increase the irrigation fluid and pursue the procedure
abort the procedure and leave a urethral catheter
perform cystogram and manage accordingly
perform abdominal exploration and manage accordingly
2 - 4%
4 - 6%
6 - 8%
8 - 10%
obstructive LUTS are common presentations and occur in association with carcinoma in situ
might present as perineal abscesses and fistulae
could be asymptomatic
venereal diseases increase the risk of urethral cancers
never
unlikely
likely
always
working with organic chemicals and dyes
abuse of pain-control medications especially phenacetin
exposure to arsenic and aromatic amines
schistosomiasis
nodular or sessile lesions usually invade muscle
papillary bladder tumors are typical of low stage and grade
carcinoma in situ appears as a flat, velvety patch
sarcomas commonly invade bladder base and ureteral orifices causing obstructions
0.6 - 2%
2 - 6%
6 - 10%
12 - 16%