dissolving homogenous nucleation
high tendency to form cystine sulfate stones
indicates the amount of dietary protein
post ESWL therapy
C. indicates the amount of dietary protein
they are multiple and small in size
usually, they are voided spontaneously
they, rarely, form large stones within the peripheral zone
contrast CT is the conventional method for diagnosis
dissolving homogenous nucleation
high tendency to form cystine sulfate stones
indicates the amount of dietary protein
post ESWL therapy
have diagnostic hexagonal crystals
dont respond to ESWL therapy
are highly soluble in water
inherited in an autosomal recessive fashion
2 days
2 weeks
2 months
4 6 hrs.
commonly unilateral
commonly due to repeated infections
urate stones are the second most common cause of staghorn calculi
ESWL monotherapy with ureteral stenting is the ideal treatment
xanthine
ammonium urate
cystine
calcium oxalate dihydrate
limit beef, chicken, pork, eggs, fish, shellfish, and other animal proteins
limit beans, nuts, chocolate, coffee, dark green vegetables, and soda
limit canned, packaged, and fast foods
limit milk, cheese, and other dairy products
to stent the ureter after ureteral surgery
to facilitate stone passage
after a tough ureteroscopy procedure
all of the above
they are metabolic stones that form at high urinary pH
they score 800 1000 HU on CT
only 25% of affected patients have Gout disease
affected patients must stop eating animal protein
Kock pouch
Neobladder-to-urethra diversion
Florida pouch
Indiana pouch
can be introduced from the bladder or kidney or any part of the ureter`s course
the standard adult size is 32 cm long, 4 mm calibre
might result in encrustations and ureteral obstruction
might result in ureteral dilation
watchful waiting
open surgical correction
IVU with possible endoscopic ureteral stenting
perc. nephrostomy tube insertion
ESWL
URS
PCNL
none of the above
matrix
indinavir
brushite
2,8 dihydroxyadenine
it is characterized by low urinary magnesium and citrate
magnesium increases renal tubular citrate resorption
diarrheal is a remarkable side effect of magnesium therapy
potassium-magnesium preparations might restore urinary magnesium and citrate levels
is symptomless
should undergo a trial of milking out
diverticulectomy and stone extraction is the treatment of choice
ESWL is the preferred treatment option
subcostal puncture performed during full expiration
previous open nephrolithotomy
access lateral to the posterior axillary line
horseshoe kidney
stone size of ≤ 4 mm
stone burden of ≥ 22 mm
there is a distal partial obstruction
the patient has end-stage renal failure
a stone in the lower calyx with a wide mouth of infundibulum and obtuse lower calyx to ureter angle
a stone in an anterior group calyceal diverticulum with thin overlying renal parenchyma
5 mm calcium-containing stone in an intrarenal pelvis and wide UPJ
6 years post anatrophic nephrolithotomy, recurrent mid calyceal stone
ESWL
PCNL
radial nephrolithotomy
pyelolithotomy with ureteral stenting
Tumor lysis syndrome
hypoparathyroidism
myeloproliferative disorder
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome
calcium monohydrate
calcium oxalate
ammonium urate
none of the above
α-Mercaptopropionylglycine
acetohydroxamic acid
carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
xanthine oxidase inhibitors
wet chemical analysis
thermogravimetry
scanning electron microscopy
none of the above
by lowering urinary saturation of Ca.oxalate
by preventing heterogeneous nucleation of Ca.oxalate
by inhibiting spontaneous precipitation and agglomeration of Ca.oxalate
by all of the above
size of 5 mm
location at the lower calyx
density of 400 HU
being recurrent
frequently caused by loop diuretics
stones are often radiolucent
may be reversed by the use of thiazides
low calcium-to-creatinine ratio predicts stones resolution
left ureterocele
bifid right renal pelvis
neurogenic bladder
bilateral UPJ stenosis
placing the patient in anti-Trendelenburg position
making the puncture under local anesthesia
injection Co2 gas to create a safety space under the diaphragm before puncturing
making the puncture during full expiration
spinal cord injury
senile enlargement of prostate
augmented bladder
neurogenic hyper-reflexive bladder